Reserch Into Memory Recall Essay Example for Free

Reserch Into Memory Recall Essay The main three systems of operation of memory are known as the Multi-Store Model (Atkinson amp; Schiffrin 1968), the Working Model of Memory (Baddeley amp; Hitch 1974), and Levels of Processing Model of Memory (Craig amp; Lockhart 1972). Multi Store Model Figure [ 1 ] http://www. smartpsych. co. uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/msmmodel2. png Key features of MSM: * Three types of memory stores – sensory, short term and long term (any stimulus must pass through one or more of these in sequence). Each store retains a different amount of information based on how much the store can retain. * Each of the stores retains a different amount of information in a different way and for a varying length of time. The sensory memory is responsible for taking the information from one of the sensory organs and holding it in that format, prior to transferring the data to the short term memory, and then dependent on the form of rehearsal (either by maintenance or elaborative rehearsal), is stored in either the STM or LTM. The information from any one of the sensory organs is encoded into the STM as one of the following: * Iconic (visual) stored as an image. * Echoic (acoustic) Auditory input from the ears and stored as a sound. * Taste * Haptic (touch) * Smell An example of Iconic sensory storage was demonstrated by Sperling (1960), whereby he tested participants by using a tachistoscope which flashed pictures onto a blank screen for a very brief amount of time. He then tested them on their ability to recall as many of them as possible from a grid of twelve that he would display for one twentieth of a second. His findings showed that whilst they could only recall approximately four images, the overall suggestion was that they had seen a lot more, but not enough time to record them. The presentation of the images was followed by three tone levels of high, medium or low which instructed the participants which rows they should focus their iconic memory on. Recall rate recorded was on verage three out of the four symbols from any one row, which suggests that the iconic store has a retention capacity of approximately 76%. Sperling reported that if a delay occurred between both the presentation of the grid and the sounding of the tone then an increasing amount of information would be lost gradually (50% after 0. 3 seconds and 67% after 1 second delay) (Baddley, 2002). The short term memory has a retention duration of 0-18 seconds, and a capacity of 7(+/-2), as demonstrated by Miller’s (1956) experiment of chunking. He discovered that our capacity to retain information can be increased by chunking large amounts of information together, otherwise referred to as trigrams (3 letter combinations). The length of time information can be retained is only a few seconds in the STM if not rehearsed, whereas rehearsal can increase that from anywhere from a few seconds too years. Peterson and Peterson (1959) found that the STM fades in under half a minute if not rehearsed, within 3 seconds this is reduced by 80% and only 10% of information remains after 18 seconds. The LTM (long term memory) has an unlimited duration and capacity, although these memories can decay over time and become displaced (shunted out of the way in place of new ones). Long term encoding can be semantically associated in which by we link things together, such as school, tie, and teacher. Although there is the possibility of incorrectly making additional connections dependent on the individual LTM and what is personally associated with the key word.

Essay on the Structure of William Faulkners A Rose for Emily

The Structure of A Rose for Emily    William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" is a story that uses flashbacks to foreshadow a surprise ending. The story begins with the death of a prominent old woman, Emily, and finishes with the startling discovery that Emily as been sleeping with the corpse of her lover, whom she murdered, for the past forty years. The middle of the story is told in flashbacks by a narrator who seems to represent the collective memory of an entire town. Within these flashbacks, which jump in time from ten years past to forty years past, are hidden clues which prepare the reader for the unexpected ending, such as hints of Emily's insanity, her odd behavior concerning the deaths of loved ones, and the evidence that the murder took place. Without bluntly saying it, Faulkner, in several instances, hints that Emily has gone mad. At a few points in the story, the narrator mentions Emily's Great Aunt Wyatt, who "had gone completely crazy at last" (paragraph 25). This is the narrator's insinuation that insa... ...was a desperate act of a lonely, insane woman who could not bear to loose him. The structure of this story, however, is such that the important details are delivered in almost random order, without a clear road map that connects events. The ending comes as a morbid shock, until a second reading of the story reveals the carefully hidden details that foreshadow the logical conclusion. Works Cited Faulkner, William. "A Rose for Emily". An Introduction to Literature, 11th ed. Ed. Barnet, Sylvan, et al. 287-294. Essay on the Structure of William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily The Structure of A Rose for Emily    William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" is a story that uses flashbacks to foreshadow a surprise ending. The story begins with the death of a prominent old woman, Emily, and finishes with the startling discovery that Emily as been sleeping with the corpse of her lover, whom she murdered, for the past forty years. The middle of the story is told in flashbacks by a narrator who seems to represent the collective memory of an entire town. Within these flashbacks, which jump in time from ten years past to forty years past, are hidden clues which prepare the reader for the unexpected ending, such as hints of Emily's insanity, her odd behavior concerning the deaths of loved ones, and the evidence that the murder took place. Without bluntly saying it, Faulkner, in several instances, hints that Emily has gone mad. At a few points in the story, the narrator mentions Emily's Great Aunt Wyatt, who "had gone completely crazy at last" (paragraph 25). This is the narrator's insinuation that insa... ...was a desperate act of a lonely, insane woman who could not bear to loose him. The structure of this story, however, is such that the important details are delivered in almost random order, without a clear road map that connects events. The ending comes as a morbid shock, until a second reading of the story reveals the carefully hidden details that foreshadow the logical conclusion. Works Cited Faulkner, William. "A Rose for Emily". An Introduction to Literature, 11th ed. Ed. Barnet, Sylvan, et al. 287-294.

Racism in South Africa

It is easy for people to shut their eyes to things they do not witness, like bigotry, racism, and the cruelty of South Africa. According to Blob Kiwanis â€Å"It has been nearly a decade and a half after the end of apartheid† and South Africans are finally realizing there Is a problem with racism (Swank, 2008). This realization occurred after white students from the university of the Free State, made a racist video. This video showed the students degrading and humiliating four black workers. The racism portrayed by these students was said to be deep-seated.These students even went so far as to allegedly, urinate in the four lack workers food (Kiwanis, 2008). In 1994 a man was fed up with his black worker, so the black man was fed to the lions (Kiwanis, 2008). This type of cruelty is not as common as it once was, but any act such as this should not be allowed to take place in the free world. Imagine living every day in fear, never knowing what the day is going to be like. What about tomorrow? This behavior is something most people never have to experience in their lifetime, but what about those that get to witness these events first hand?The violence and hatred that has caused a country to live In ear, was said to be a symptom of globalization, by a country that calls Itself a â€Å"Rainbow Nation†, yet was not supposedly about racism at all (Perry, 2008). 3 It became apparent in 2008, when 42 black people were killed. These people were raped, neaten, eroded, Ana Turned alive. I Nils type AT loathing NAS lave a country (Perry, 2008). These types of incidents have diminished over time, but are still evident in the culture. The cultures in South Africa are many and most are still high in the masculine beliefs. Ethnicity is the differences in culture and is diverse in SouthAfrica. The many different tribes and people have similar yet different beliefs. Race refers to the social construction on the difference of skin color, or nationalities (South Afri ca and its Culture, 2011). Polygamy is still carried out and a dowry is still permitted in most of South Africans cultures. Cattle are a sign of wealth and also used as a symbol for sacrifice. The Zulu is one of the strongest surviving black culture in South Africa (South Africa and its Culture, 2011). Xhosa are also a strong presence in the South African culture, and are referred to as the red people.The red people are called this because the red dye they use on their clothing, worn by most adults. The Indelible are related to the Red people, but live in the North-western corner of what now is called Mulligan, in vibrant painted homes (South Africa and its Culture, 2011). Then there are the Dutch settlers along with the British, these people are known as Afrikaners, and are the majority of the South African population (South Africa and its Culture, 2011). Surprisingly there is a large Jewish population that resides in South Africa; no doubt the survivors of Hitler and his brutal re in.Brutality is not the only problem that has affected the people of South Africa. Because of this racism the poverty level has remained a problem. If a company only hires white people to work, how are people of color ever going to rise above poverty? The Jobs available to black people in South Africa are almost non-existent. If there are no Jobs then there is no money to be made. No money means no food, no shelter, and no means to support a family. This is another instance of the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. 4 Are people so blind and callused, as to not care how the actions and the words thrown out will affect others?What about the future of innocent souls to come? Why is one color any better than another? Who gets to decide these types of things? If a person were to close their eyes and solely Judge another based on their personality, or the way they are treated by a person, our world would be a different place to live. Discrimination has kept the people of South Afric a in poverty for way to long, it is time to break the chains of bigotry and learn to live together in a peaceful place. A place where color does not mean you are rejected for a Job, or for housing. A place where everyone is color blind seems ideal, does it not?Education is a factor for the people of South Africa. People are more concerned with finding a Job; instead they are worrying about whether or not they can attend school. And the sad part about that is that in order to get a good Job or even a Job, education would be beneficial. This is one of the excuses for not hiring people with black skin, they are not as educated. This is one way companies get around race (Reuters, 2001). The companies use this as their reason for hiring the white person applying for the Job and not the black person. It is a vicious circle for the people of South Africa.

Fast Food Nation, By Michael Pollan - 1324 Words

They say if you don’t like heights but enjoy the thrill, don’t look down. This is the same mentality that director Robert Kenner tries to prevent in his film Food Inc., where he sheds light on the corporations that control the way our food is being grown, processed and sold to the American people. With the help of Eric Schlosser, author of Fast Food Nation, and Michael Pollan, author of The Omnivore s Dilemma, Robert takes a shot at all corners of the food industry from meat packaging, to corn reprocessing, even Monsanto’s seed copyrights. While Kenner’s goals for change certainly lead to a better America, they tend to lean on the side of unrealistic. Modern America is a place where we the people don’t have to see how our food is being†¦show more content†¦better feed, lack of growth hormone leading to overall healthier livestock. This isn’t the biggest issue for Salatin’s methods. The process in which Salatin’s goes ab out raising his livestock is arguably both more humane and lead to a higher quality for the consumer, quality doesn’t feed an entire nation alone. Kenner is quick to show that Saladin’s methods both work and are favored by his customers but fails to point out how Saladin’s methods are formed around a small customer base. If every farm were to convert to his practices America would struggle to feed a nation of hundreds of millions of people. Not all of Kenner’s arguments hold equal ground. The film gets in a little over its head when it tries to tackle the issue of individuals being sued by Monsanto. While Kenner isn’t entirely off path by pointing out this poor practice and how it hurts small farmers trying to make a living, providing us with the necessary resources for survival. This issue is not exclusive to the food industry. America is a capitalist society, more money has virtually always been synonymous with more power in the courtroom through the use of better lawyers. It wouldn’t take any amount of effort to find news on how a large corporation was able to beat a family run business by dragging out the system until the competition couldn’t afford to continue the case. This ends up being a bigger piece than Kenner can chew and distracts from the health issuesShow MoreRelatedHow Junk Food Can End Obesity1175 Words   |  5 PagesFast food eateries are one of the main, if not the primary, reason behind obesity in the United States. Fast food, what many people for the most part view as a speedy approach to get some nourishment, is really killing a large number of individuals than you may suspect. In this current time, nearly everybody realizes that fast food isn t especially the best thing for you to eat, yet that won t verge on preventing us from eating it. Diverse things play a component with respect to why we as a wholeRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe Omnivor e’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan is a comprehensive look into the present day food culture of the United States. Throughout the book the author tries to find out the true composition of the diet that is consumed by Americans on a daily basis. There is an excessive dependence by the American population on the government to know which food is good for them. This paper will critically analyze the book as well as the stance that the author has taken. Since there is a deluge of information aboutRead MoreThe American ( Food ) Revolution1270 Words   |  6 PagesJaehun Lee 10/8/15 Summer Reading Essay The American (Food) Revolution Medical Experts are divided on whether or not the government should increase regulation on fast and processed foods. Remember those days when Thanksgiving dinners were a family affair? When the whole family went to the supermarket and bought turkey, ham, potatoes, and all of the raw ingredients needed to make every dish? When the whole family worked together to make a Thanksgiving meal to be shared by everyone? Today, this isRead MoreNutrition 251, And It Focuses On The Principles Of Nutrition1035 Words   |  5 PagesIn this class, I had to read a book from Michael Pollan called In the Defense of Food. As I read, I could not help but remember all the things I have eaten. Pollan explains how food changed over the years in the US and goes into great detail in how the industrialization of our food has impacted our ways of eating, poisoning us with refined and processed foods. Reading Pollan’s work made me realize that the food we eat is not actually food. Back then, food was grown and not scientifically engineeredRead MoreBook Report in Micheal Pollan ´s Book769 Words   |  3 Pagesoption s that the act of choosing the food we are going to eat is indeed difficult. On top of that, there is another problem. Unless you grow it yourself, you do not exactly know where food comes from. In his book, Michael Pollan, by embarking the reader into a discovery journey, explains both of this topics using his research and experience. PART ONE: â€Å"Industrial/Corn†__________ In this first section of his book, Pollan begins by examining the food-production system from which most AmericanRead MoreSynthesis Essay : Synthesis Process Essay Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pageshigh schools around the nation with almost three times our number of students, the amount of trash that we throw away together in one day is outstandingly high and it becomes overwhelmingly important to look at the sustainable options that we have available to us. Although implementing a sustainable menu would be costly, its adoption will bring benefits to the environment and to our students’ health, changing our lives for the better. A sustainable menu is one where the food was grown in an ecologicalRead MoreDon t Blame The Eater Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pagesclaims that fast-food industry should accept full responsibility for a serious public problem: leading American kids to obesity. Zinczenko supports his claim with his personal experience to show how the fast-food chains marketing on them with low price. He also said it is not easy for those obese kids to turn their lives back. He believes this should be considered as a public health problem because their obesity causes the society huge public health losses. Zinczenko insists that if fast-food industryRead MoreWhat You Should Eat Will Stir Anxiety1230 Words   |  5 Pagesat the top of the food chain. For most animals, eating is simply habitual and is a subconscious choice. Monarch butterflies eat milkweed, koalas go for the eucalyptus leaves, and whales chow down on plankton. But we homo sapiens, hindered by a big brain and inventions such as agriculture and industry, face a bewildering array of choices, from scrambled eggs to Chicken McNuggets, from a bowl of fresh blueberries to the chemically complex yellow and white log of sweet, spongy food product known as theRead MoreThe Cooking animal903 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Michael Pollan’s article The Cooking Animal, describes the decline of home cooked meals and its effects. Cooking, he says, is what separates us from animals. It’s how we became civilized. By making us come together and share food, we learn about each other and ourselves. Although its importance, cooking is rapidly declining in modern times. What was once a daily ritual is now becoming a special occasion. Replacing cooking is convenient, yet horribly unhealthy, processed foods thus worsening theRead MoreThe Paradox between Ecological Adversity and Human Civilation976 Words   |  4 Pagesas means to make survival simpler. Rather than expending energy gathering edible plant species, humans began growi ng those species on plots of land. Inherently a â€Å"desire to liberate food from nature† arose amongst groups of humans, which came to be the early workings of human civilization, known as settlements (Pollan 117). Cultivation of plants as means of simplification allowed humans to settle, and the social interactions that took place to encourage the survival of these settlements fashioned

Motivation And Motivation For Job Satisfaction And...

The meaning of motivation has been defined as follows: the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995); the internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994); the will to achieve (Bedeian, 1993); and an inclination to act in a purposive manner to achieve specific needs (Buford, Bedeian, Linder, 1995). What motivates people can vary from person to person. For example, one person may be motivated by monetary rewards or extrinsic factors, while others are motivated by recognition and achievement or intrinsic factors (Linder, 1998). Motivation plays a vital role in an agency’s management. The key factor is to identify the method of each employee’s motivation and work on that to increase job satisfaction and decrease job burnout. A successful leader will need to understand different motivational theories and must be able to determine which strategy or combination of strategies works best to motivate each member of their t eam. The Problem Currently, the partial hospitalization program is experiencing difficulties with staff motivation, morale, and performance which in turn are having a negative effect on clinical outcomes. The Director has started taking steps toward improving certain aspects of the program, but her methodology is not well thought out or planned. In an effort to provide guidance to the Director, this paper will evaluate the current motivational approaches being used along with developing a motivationalShow MoreRelatedEmployee Perception Of The Job Requirements At Social Service Agencies1386 Words   |  6 Pagesservice agencies. This means that community demands are increasing and workers take on more client’s, deadlines, and increased accountability. This study seeks to explore employee perception of the job requirements at social service agencies in regards to the demands, organizational support and satisfaction. The recent controversy and outrage over the death of Gabriel Fernandez, an 8 year old boy from Antelope Valley, left in the custody of his mother and her boyfriend which resulted in his untimelyRead MoreLeadership : Transformational Leadership And Transactional Leadership Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesand the followers elevate motivation and morality. The transformational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and help them achieve their fullest potential. They influence their followers’ behaviors by appealing to the ideas and values and enhance the followers’ commitment to their vision. transformational leaders exhibit behaviors which include idealized influence wherein the leader serves as the role model for followers; inspirational motivation – leader inspires and motivatesRead MoreTransformational Leadership Is Developed By Political Sociologist James Mac Gregor Burns Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess where both the leaders and t he followers elevate motivation and morality. The transformational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and help them achieve their fullest potential. They influence their followers’ behaviors by appealing to the ideas and values and enhance the followers’ commitment to their vision. Literature Review 1) Relationship between transformational leadership and employees’ job satisfaction among the academic staff The authors of this articleRead MoreThe Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Job Satisfaction Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesTRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND JOB SATISFACTION Salve Aguilar West Coast University Pathophysiology Ms. Joni Gaynor October 9, 2015 Introduction This paper examined the relationship of transformational leadership behaviors and job satisfaction. In reference to the literature review articles, different studies and surveys were performed and conducted to determine the influence of transformational leadership to nurses’ perception. The findings showed that the relationship of transformationalRead MoreTransformational Leadership And Leadership Theory Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesand the followers elevate motivation and morality. The transformational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and help them achieve their fullest potential. They influence their followers’ behaviors by appealing to the ideas and values and enhance the followers’ commitment to their vision. transformational leaders exhibit behaviors which include idealized influence wherein the leader serves as the role model for followers; inspirational motivation – leader inspires and motivatesRead MoreThe Relationsh ip Between Transformational Leadership And Leadership Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagestransformational leadership behaviors and job satisfaction. In reference to the literature review articles, different studies and surveys were performed and conducted to determine the influence of transformational leadership to nurses’ perception. The findings showed that the relationship of transformational leadership were consistent with the studies performed. The results indicated that nurse leaders in health organizations can enhance work environment to increase job satisfactions for nurses by utilizing transformationalRead MoreJob Redesign And Enrichment Proposal Analysis1045 Words   |  5 PagesJob Redesign and Enrichment Proposal Analysis in HIS Department Answering the following questions: 1. How are principles of goal setting applied? Goals need to reflect new changes, whether small or big, fast or slow, that impact health care and how it is conducted. In the HIS department, a shift from paper to electronic documentation has impacted greatly. According to Locke, setting specific challenging goals improves productivity. Having clear measurements of performance, knowing a goal is achievableRead MoreLack Of Regulatory Standards For Nurses1287 Words   |  6 Pagesnurse burnout, job dissatisfaction and a harmful working environment. According to Connie Garrett (2008), â€Å"the effects of extreme fatigue can be compared to being under the influence of alcohol†. Fatigue is known to slow or impede reaction time and alter attention to detail. These are major contributing factors related to errors of omission. Reaction time and attention to detail are important factors required for problem solving techniques, personal motivational skills and energy. Nurse burnout is aRead MoreArticle Critique – Minimizing Deviant Behavior in Healthcare Organizations: the Effects of Supportive Leadership and Job Design2141 Words   |  9 PagesArticle Critique – Minimizing Deviant Behavior in Healthcare Organizations: The Effects of Supportive Leadership and Job Design 1. List all authors, the year, article title, journal name, volume number, issue number, and page numbers. Minimizing Deviant Behavior in Healthcare Organizations: The Effects of Supportive Leadership and Job Design C. Logan Chullen, Benjamin B. Dunford, Ingo Angermeier, R. Wayne Boss, and Alan D. Boss JournalRead MoreThe Health Care Of Nurses3559 Words   |  15 Pagesoutcomes. The nursing shortage negatively affects job satisfaction and increases that rate of job burnout, as a result these factors contribute to the shortage. The shortage of nurses in the health care system in North America causes an increase in the risks of medical errors effecting patient outcomes due to specific factors affecting a nurse, job dissatisfaction and burnout, excessive workload, long work hours and stress. Job Dissatisfaction and Burnout Nurses work around people who are not in their

Hiv Is Not A New Disease - 1754 Words

HIV is not a new disease that everyone is talking about these days. This disease each year produces approximately 50,000 new infections and of these new infections, gay males and the black population are the two categories that produce the highest rate of infections. Overall, since the beginning of the epidemic decades ago, over 300,000 gay males have gone from HIV to AIDS and eventually have died from this disease (â€Å"HIV in the United States: At A Glance,† 2014). With this information showing the number of infections and deaths, it is without a doubt that there is a stigma that exists for HIV diagnoses by sexual orientation and race. The accepted view of HIV stigma is that it will affect the overall control of the infection treatment†¦show more content†¦There is also concern of an infected individual telling others, namely their partner, about their status out of fear they will be rejected (Jeffries et al., 2015). What are the conditions and standards used a s indicators of this problem of stigmatizing individuals that are living with HIV? Conditions that affect HIV infection stigma are common and a matter of fact. The sources of stigma can be simply fear of the infection itself, fear of getting the disease from another individual or even death from infection. This stigma specifically is seen in every aspect of an HIV infected individuals life as it could come from their social worker, maybe the people they work with at their job, someone that takes care of them, or simply, the general population itself (Brown, Macintyre, Trujillo, 2003). Furthermore, the standards when reviewing the peer-reviewed articles in order to write this paper, shows an adequate standard as to what stigma and HIV infection is and why it is a problem. When looking at stigma and HIV infections, the distribution is globally. Here in the U.S., in addition to the individual issues someone with HIV can face when dealing with stigma, as a society we can see HIV s tigma in laws, what people are saying about HIV, denial of housing, denial to health services, and so on (Tomaszewski, 2012). In a 2002-2003 study conducted in

Commentary on the Bat by Roethke free essay sample

Fezoua My Expert Commentary ‘The Bat’ – Theodore Roethke: By day the bat is cousin to the mouse. He likes the attic of an aging house. His fingers make a hat about his head. His pulse beat is so slow we think him dead. He loops in crazy figures half the night Among the trees that face the corner light. But when he brushes up against a screen, We are afraid of what our eyes have seen: For something is amiss or out of place When mice with wings can wear a human face. Theodore Roethke’s poem ‘The Bat’ clearly focuses on the animal the bat and effectively conveys through the latter an important message to the reader. One could interpret this poem in various ways; however a prominent theme would be that every being on earth has a ‘dark side’ which is often overlooked. The speaker’s tone in the poem varies and seems to have two very distinct sections; at the beginning it is light, playful and appreciative of the animal, however as the poem progresses one can sense the tone becoming mysterious, calm and increasingly alerting. We will write a custom essay sample on Commentary on the Bat by Roethke or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This shift in tone has an impact on the reader and emphasizes the importance of the message conveyed. As previously mentioned, there could be various themes for the poem, however if taken literally the subject is of a bat’s life and its morbid depiction. Another way of analyzing the poem could be by imagining the bat as a shy person who does not like to be seen and only goes out at night, â€Å"his fingers make a hat about his head† (Roethke, 3), â€Å"by day†¦He likes the attic of an aging house† (Roethke, 1-2). Theodore Roethke may also be trying to portray the bat as what it really is. He includes both day and night in his poem; during the day the bat is a mundane animal resembling a mouse. However, at night, â€Å"when he brushes up against a screen, we are afraid of what our eyes have seen† (Roethke, 1). Of course, the word â€Å"screen† could be interpreted differently; one could picture it as an insect screen found in houses and another could think of a cinema screen. If the latter interpretation is taken into account, the bat could be considered as a favored subject matter of Hollywood; where (in movies) the animal is usually portrayed as a vile blood-sucking creature. By comparing the bat’s depiction during both day and night, Roethke may be trying to convey that the bat is actually no more than a simple and peaceful being, which has been wrongly portrayed for years. From another point of view, the author could be wanting to convey, through the image of a bat, that everyone has a ‘dark side’. Roethke ingeniously does so in the final line of the poem with the latter’s twist metaphorical ending; â€Å"when mice with wings can wear a human face† (Roethke, 10). As previously discussed, bats are usually associated with slyness and darkness, by making the bat â€Å"wear a human face†, Roethke is trying to express that bats can sometimes resemble humans and vice versa. Ultimately, humans can also sometimes ‘wear a bat face’ and have a darker side. The author also gives the poem a very descriptive tone through a significant amount of imagery. For example, the metaphor; â€Å"his fingers make a hat about his head† (Roethke, 3), provides a detailed description of the bat’s upper body in such a way that the reader is able to picture the bat as what Roethke wants him/her to picture it as. One could also infer that the author may again be trying to make the connection between bat and man; since men wear hats and not bats. Another metaphor would be; â€Å"by day the bat is cousin to the mouse† (Roethke, 1). Of course, mouse and bat cannot be cousin, however Roethke uses this metaphor to, again, connect with his audience and ensure that they are seeing the bat through his eyes; which in this case alludes to the mouse. The rhyming scheme and meter also play a major role in this poem. The poem clearly rhymes at every stanza, thus has five rhyming couplets, and follows a pattern of AABBCCDDEE. This rhyming scheme resembles that of a nursery rhyme which gives an eerie feeling to the poem itself; since the latter therefore seems to be disguised as a joyful and merry text but only towards the end starts to shed its mask and reveal its true ‘face’. The meter, which follows the iambic pentameter, also gives life to the poem, and if read aloud has an even bigger impact on the reader. Roethke ingeniously not only appeals to the reader’s sense of sight but also to his sense of hearing. In essence, Theodore Roethke effectively conveys the thematic message of everyone’s darker side through the seemingly simple yet truly complex representation of a bat and its common associations.