Confucionism vs Legalism Essay

Amidst the chaos of political instability and constant warfare during ChinaÊ ¼s Period of Warring States, two new philosophies emerged. Legalism and Confucianism were two of the philosophies intellectual thinkers developed to try and stop the mayhem of China before it could be conquered by a greater nation. â€Å"Confucianism became the paramount school of thinking and later signiï ¬ cant philosophies such as and Legalism gained immense recognition as well. Each party had their own proposals for creating an idealistic political society where the many problems they faced in their everyday lives could be eliminated.† Both approaches were very distinct, but at the same time they contained certain similarities as well. Confucianism disfavored a harsh government. Confucius urged to lead the people with virtue and rituals as opposed to government policies and punishments. He believed that the ruler should gain respect through his deeds rather than achieving it through his status and authority. Confucianists disliked government that employed killing and wished for a non aggressive rule. They believed individuals should foster compassion, humility and moderation for a successful society, whereas Legalism believed the people should be controlled by fear and aggression. Legalists had a ruthless approach to crimes and even the smallest of unlawful acts resulted in harsh punishment. Legalism and Confucianism both provided structure and stability for the time they were used. Out of Legalism and Confucianism, Legalism was a success in the sense that it achieved what the other desperately strove for – the uniï ¬ cation of China. Even though it only lasted twelve years. â€Å"Many of the Legalist ideas were quite thought provoking and praiseworthy; they believed in equality for all and government according to merit. However, the system gained a rotten reputation according to the ruthless rule of the First  Emperor. Confucianism thus became the ofï ¬ cial Philosophy, gaining wide acceptance in China.† The Confucian and Legalist governments had very different morals in which their people should be treated. In Confucian government a ruler had to lead by example and be an overall virtuous person for his subjects to obey him. Government existed for the  beneï ¬ t of the people, not the other way around. People should love each other and treat everyone with respect. In Legalist government the people are there to serve the government. People are ruled by fear and violence. Citizen should not focus on being loving and caring. Instead, they should spy on everyone around them and report and law breaking. â€Å"According to them, a strong rule with a strict hand was necessary in order to keep the citizens from growing lazy and disrespecting the authority.† â€Å"One central issue which interested ancient Chinese thinkers was how to regulate human relations and how to govern a country.† Under the Qin dynasty Legalism achieved what many other philosophies wished- control and uniï ¬ cation of China. Similarities united the two because they had a single goal, but different strategies to fulï ¬ ll it. After multiple rebellions against Legalist rule, Confucianism dominated the competition and accomplished the structure and stability that was needed for a successful and evolving civilization. Site used: http://www.international-relations.com/wbcm5-1/wbrule.htm

Buad 3010 Text Bank Chp 1

Marketing: An Introduction, 11e (Armstrong) Chapter 1 Marketing: Creating and Capturing Customer Value 1) ________ is defined as a social and managerial process by which individuals and organizations obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging value with others. A) Value reengineering B) Human resource management C) Financing D) Marketing E) Root cause analysis Answer: D Page Ref: 5 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 1 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 2) The first step in the marketing process is ________.A) capturing value from customers to create profits and customer equity B) constructing an integrated marketing program that delivers superior value C) building profitable relationships and creating customer delight D) understanding the marketplace and customer needs and wants E) designing a customer-driven marketing strategy Answer: D Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 1 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 3) _____ ___ are states of felt deprivation. A) Needs B) Desires C) Demands D) Values E) ExchangesAnswer: A Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 4) ________ are human needs as shaped by individual personality and culture. A) Offerings B) Wants C) Demands D) Values E) Exchanges Answer: B Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 5) When backed by buying power, wants become ________. A) social needs B) demands C) physical needs D) self-esteem needs E) exchanges Answer: B Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 2Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 6) Abel now has the buying power to purchase the computer that he wanted for the last six months. Abel's want has now become a(n) ________. A) need B) necessity C) demand D) exigency E) desire Answer: C Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 2 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental c oncepts of marketing 7) ________ refers to the mistake of paying more attention to the specific products a company offers than to the benefits and experiences produced by these products.A) Buyer's remorse B) Out-of-home advertising C) Caveat emptor D) Marketing myopia E) Winner's curse Answer: D Page Ref: 7 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 8) The art and science of choosing target markets and building profitable relationships with them is called ________. A) marketing management B) market capitalization C) marketing liquidity D) market buzz E) marketing liberalization Answer: A Page Ref: 9 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing ) Selecting particular segments of a population of customers to serve is called ________. A) value reengineering B) brand synchronizing C) mass customizing D) target marketing E) selective administering Answer: D Page Ref: 9 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 10) The BakeWay Bite is a popular cookie sandwich marketed by the Posco Division of Home Foods. It is famous for its white cream-filled center. Home Foods created a different version of these biscuits for consumers in Germany.To appeal to German consumers, Home Food created dark chocolate filling for the same cookie sandwiches. This is an example of ________. A) bulk breaking B) cost leadership C) diversification D) target marketing E) vertical integration Answer: D Page Ref: 9 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 11) A brand's ________ is the set of benefits or values it promises to deliver to consumers to satisfy their needs. A) dominant affect B) fringe benefit C) cardinality D) value propositionE) fundamental benefit Answer: D Page Ref: 9 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 12) Which o f the following marketing management concepts is most likely to lead to marketing myopia? A) the customer-driven marketing concept B) the customer-driving marketing concept C) the societal marketing concept D) the selling concept E) the production concept Answer: E Page Ref: 10 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 13) The production concept holds that ________.A) consumers will not buy enough of the firm's products unless the firm undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort B) a company's marketing decisions should consider consumers' wants, the company's requirements, consumers' long-run interests, and society's long-run interests C) consumers will favor products that are available and highly affordable D) achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do E) consumers will favor products that offer the most in qua lity, performance, and innovative features Answer: CPage Ref: 10 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 14) Henry Ford's philosophy was to perfect the Model-T so that its cost could be reduced further for increased consumer affordability. This reflects the ________. A) customer-driving marketing concept B) marketing concept C) societal marketing concept D) production concept E) selling concept Answer: D Page Ref: 10 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 5) According to the product concept, a company should ________. A) improve marketing of its best products only B) market only those products that have high customer appeal C) focus on the target market and make products that meet those customers' demands D) devote its energy to making continuous product improvements E) make promoting products the company's top priority Answer: D Page Ref: 10 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 16) The selling concept holds that ________.A) consumers will not buy enough of the firm's products unless the firm undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort B) a company's marketing decisions should consider consumers' wants, the company's requirements, consumers' long-run interests, and society's long-run interests C) consumers will favor products that are available and highly affordable D) achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do E) consumers will favor products that offer the most in quality, performance, and innovative features Answer: APage Ref: 10 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 17) Which of the following reflects the marketing concept philosophy? A) We don't have a marketing department, we have a customer depart ment. B) We're in the business of making and selling superior products. C) We build them so you can buy them. D) When it's profits versus customers' needs, profits will always win out. E) You won't find a better deal anywhere else. Answer: A Page Ref: 10-11 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 18) The ________ concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do. A) marketing B) product C) production D) selling E) societal marketing Answer: A Page Ref: 10 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 19) Customer-driven marketing is most likely to work well when ________ and when customers ________. A) a clear need exists; are difficult to identifyB) customers do not know what they want; have limited budgets C) there are few competitors; are concerned about their long- run welfare D) a clear need exists; know what they want E) a want exists; cannot afford it Answer: D Page Ref: 11 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 20) When customers don't know what they want or don't even know what's possible, the most effective strategy is ________ marketing. A) customer-driven B) customer-driving C) societal D) production E) product Answer: B Page Ref: 11 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 21) Josie enjoys her work at Futuristic Designs Inc. Her organization understands and anticipates customer needs even better than customers themselves do and creates products and services to meet existing and latent needs, now and in the future. Josie's firm practices ________ marketing. A) product concept B) customer-driving C) societal D) donor E) production concept Answer: B Page Ref: 11 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Dis cuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 22) The societal marketing concept holds that ________.A) consumers will not buy enough of the firm's products unless the firm undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort B) a company's marketing decisions should consider consumers' wants, the company's requirements, consumers' long-run interests, and society's long-run interests C) the society will favor products that are available and highly affordable D) achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do E) consumers will favor products that offer the most in quality, performance, and innovative features Answer: BPage Ref: 11 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 23) The societal marketing concept seeks to establish a balance between consumer short-run wants and consumer ________. A) short-run costs B) short-run benefits C) long-run welfare D) long-run costs E) long-run reputation Answer: C Page Ref: 11 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 24) Some fast-food restaurants offer tasty and convenient food at affordable prices, but in doing so they contribute to the national obesity epidemic and environmental problems.These fast-food restaurants overlook the ________ concept. A) marketing B) product C) production D) societal marketing E) selling Answer: D Page Ref: 11 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 25) ________ marketing is socially and environmentally responsible marketing that meets the present needs of consumers and businesses while also preserving or enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their needs. A) Customer-driven B) Mass C) SustainableD) Customer-driving E) Differential Answer: C Page Ref: 11 Difficulty: Moderate Chapt er LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 26) The overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction is called ________. A) customer lifetime management B) societal marketing C) customer relationship management D) database marketing E) sustainable customer management Answer: C Page Ref: 13 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 7) Which of the following terms refers to a customer's evaluation of the difference between all the benefits and all the costs of a marketing offer relative to those of competing offers? A) customer-perceived value B) customer-oriented brand equity C) customer-perceived performance D) customer-oriented promotional mix E) customer-oriented price mix Answer: A Page Ref: 13 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 28) Nickson released a new range of watche s that were titled after the famous mountaineer Adam Wills.These new watches were promoted through claims that the design is a favorite of Adam Wills who used a similar watch designed by Nickson for its high durability and quality on his expeditions. Such a measure to entice customers to buy one's products aims at creating ________. A) customer equity B) relationship marketing campaign C) customer-perceived value D) equitable relationship E) societal marketing campaign Answer: C Page Ref: 13 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 29) Sally purchased the newly launched â€Å"Jolie† lotion.By attempting to find out if the lotion's perceived performance matches her expectations, Sally was measuring her level of customer ________. A) perceived value B) satisfaction C) equity D) engagement E) lifetime value Answer: B Page Ref: 14 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Di scuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 30) Ryan attempts to deliver customer satisfaction every day in his installation business, Audio Expressions. The key to achieving this goal is to match the customer-perceived performance of his product with ________. A) company projectionsB) customer values C) customer expectations D) customer relationship levels E) company expectations Answer: C Page Ref: 14 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 31) Bill recently bought a BMW M3. Bill had several preconceived notions on the elegance and reliability of the car. After the purchase, he discovered that the car had a lot more attributes than he initially perceived. Hence, it created an emotional relationship with the car resulting in ________. A) customer delight B) customer satietyC) customer equity D) customer value E) customer engagement Answer: A Page Ref: 14 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analyt ic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 32) Which of the following terms refers to the customers who make repeat purchases and tell others about their positive experiences with a product or service? A) hyper-satisfied customers B) customer evangelists C) viral marketing D) relationship partners E) social customers Answer: B Page Ref: 14 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 3) Companies can build customer relationships at many levels, depending on the nature of the target market. Hence, a company with few customers and high margins is most likely to seek to develop ________ with key customers. A) full partnerships B) basic relationships C) selective relationships D) categorical partnerships E) community relationships Answer: A Page Ref: 16 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 34) You are an assistant marketing director for a firm in a market with ma ny low-margin customers.Which of the following types of relationships would be most profitable for you to develop with these customers? A) full partnerships B) basic relationships C) categorical partnerships D) selective relationships E) community relationships Answer: B Page Ref: 16 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 35) The Niketown running club that organizes twice weekly evening runs for Nike customers is an example of a ________. A) frequency marketing program B) customer-driven marketing event C) club marketing programD) consumer-generated marketing program E) sustainable marketing event Answer: C Page Ref: 16 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 36) Greater consumer control means that companies must rely more on marketing by ________ rather than marketing by ________. A) interruption; involvement B) attraction; int rusion C) socialization; information D) producing; selling E) inspiration; competition Answer: B Page Ref: 18 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 7) Which of the following is an example of consumer-generated marketing? A) Toyota's page on Facebook which provides information about its upcoming cars to its customers B) Nike's Nike Plus Web site which helps its customers to customize their shoes C) BMW's use of brand-related videos posted on video-sharing Web sites by its customers D) Neiman Marcus's InCircle Rewards program for its best customers E) the Lexus Covenant aimed at creating customer delight Answer: C Page Ref: 19 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills; Use of information technology Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 8) Ellis, a marketing manager at a regional chain restaurant, has decided to create a contest calling for customers to create commercials for the restaurant. Win ning entries will be posted on the organization's home page. Ellis' plan is an example of ________ marketing. A) consumer-generated B) sustainable C) customer club D) differential E) mass Answer: A Page Ref: 19 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 39) ________ describes a longer channel, stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers.A) The supply chain B) Direct marketing C) Partnership relationship marketing D) DSS E) CRM Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 40) The final step in the marketing process is ________. A) capturing value from customers B) constructing an integrated marketing program C) building profitable relationships with the customers D) understanding the marketplace E) designing a customer-driven marketing strategy Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 1) At Ken's boutique, the policy statement posted in the reception states that â€Å"Without our customers, we don't exist. † Ken and his staff aim to delight each customer and they are quick to offer discounts or extra services whenever a customer is anything less than satisfied. Instead of focusing on each individual transaction, Ken and his staff are putting a priority on ________. A) maintaining customer-perceived value B) managing partner relationships C) attracting â€Å"butterflies† D) converting â€Å"strangers† into â€Å"butterflies† E) capturing customer lifetime value Answer: E Page Ref: 21 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 42) ________ refers to the portion of the customer's purchase that a company gets in its product categories. A) Value proposition B) Share of customer C) Brand equity D) Customer ownership E) Customer equity Answer: B Page Ref: 21 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 43) ________ is the total combined customer lifetime values of all the company's current and potential customers. A) Share of customer B) Customer payoff C) Customer equity D) Customer cardinality E) Customer perceived value Answer: CPage Ref: 22 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 44) The ultimate aim of customer relationship management is to produce ________. A) high customer equity B) high current market share C) steady sales volume D) high customer payoff E) profit maximization Answer: A Page Ref: 22 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 45) Customers can be classified into four relationship groups, according to their profitability and projected loyalty. Based on this classification, you should avoid ________ and shouldn't inves t anything in them.A) barnacles B) strangers C) butterflies D) true believers E) true friends Answer: B Page Ref: 22-23 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 46) Customers can be classified into four relationship groups, according to their profitability and projected loyalty. According to this classification, a highly profitable, short-term customer is known as a ________. A) true friend B) butterfly C) stranger D) barnacle E) true believer Answer: B Page Ref: 23 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 7) Customers can be classified into four relationship groups, according to their profitability and projected loyalty. With reference to this classification, a firm should turn true friends into ________, who come back regularly and tell others about their good experiences with the company. A) barnacles B) butterflies C) strangers D) true believers E) stars Answer: D Page Ref: 23 Difficult y: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 48) Carla, a team leader in charge of customer relationship management, is planning strategies for improving the profitability of her firm's least rofitable but loyal customers. She is also examining methods for â€Å"firing† customers in this group who cannot be made profitable. To which of the following customer relationship groups do these customers belong? A) butterflies B) true friends C) strangers D) barnacles E) short-term customers Answer: D Page Ref: 23 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 49) Which of the following has been the most common consumer response to the economic downturn that began in 2008? A) spending more on luxury items B) discontinuing any spending on luxury itemsC) spending less and choosing products more carefully D) spending more on leisure and travel E) saving more and spending more on groc ery items Answer: C Page Ref: 24 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 5 50) Your state's department of health has budgeted a significant amount of money for a radio, print, television, and online advertising campaign emphasizing the ill effects of smoking. This is an example of a(n) ________ campaign. A) ethical B) social marketing C) for-profit D) consumer-generated E) differentiated Answer: B Page Ref: 28 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 5 AACSB: Analytic skillsCourse LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 51) With its marketing strategy chosen, the company constructs an integrated marketing program consisting of a blend of marketing mix elements called the ________, that transforms the marketing strategy into real value for customers. A) three stars B) customer values C) four Ps D) perceived attributes E) five domains Answer: C Page Ref: 29 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 5 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 52) Marketing is managing profitable custom er relationships. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 5 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 1Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 53) The twofold goal of marketing is to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 5 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 1 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 54) Wants are the form human needs take as they are shaped by culture and individual personality. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 55) The difference between human needs and wants is that needs are not influenced by marketers.Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 56) When backed by buying power, needs become wants. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of m arketing 57) Market offerings are limited to physical products. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 58) Market offerings can include products, services, information, or experiences offered to a market to satisfy a need or want.Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 59) When sellers pay less attention to the specific products they offer and more attention to the benefits and experiences produced by these products, they suffer from marketing myopia. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 60) If marketers set consumer expectations too low, they may satisfy those who buy but fail to attract enough buyers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 7 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 2 1) The process of dividing the market into segments of customers is known as market penetration. Answ er: FALSE Page Ref: 9 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 62) Marketing managers are interested in serving all customers in every way to remain competitive in today's markets. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 9 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 63) A brand's value proposition is the set of benefits or values it promises to deliver to consumers to satisfy their needs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 9Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 64) The production concept and product concept are orientations that can lead to marketing myopia. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 10 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 65) Nickson Cameras has developed a new design for cameras that their staff believes will offer the most in terms of quality, performance, and innovative features. Nickson Cameras is practicing the production concept here. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 10 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic skillsCourse LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 66) The selling concept holds that consumers will not buy enough of the firm's products unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 10 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 67) The major difference between customer-driving marketing and customer-driven marketing is that the customer-driving marketing considers only existing needs. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 11 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 8) The societal marketing concept holds that a company's marketing decisions should consider consumers' wants, the company's requirements, consumers' long-run interests, and society's long-run interests. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 11 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 69) Product, price, place, and promotion make up the elements of a firm's marketing mix. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 12 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 70) In its broadest sense, customer relationship management (CRM) is a customer data management activity.Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 13 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 71) Customer value is defined as the customer's evaluation of the perceived difference between all the benefits and all the costs of a marketing offer relative to those of competing offers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 13 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 72) To all consumers, value means sensible products at affordable prices. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 13 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 3) Customer-perceived value depends on the product's perceived performance relative to a buyer's expectations. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 14 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 74) In markets with few customers and high margins, sellers should try to develop basic relationships rather than full partnerships. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 16 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 75) Club marketing programs reward customers who buy frequently or in large amounts. Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 16 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 76) Greater consumer control means that companies can no longer rely on marketing by attraction. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 18 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 77) Through consumer-generated marketing, consumers themselves are playing a bigger role in shaping their own brand experiences and those of others. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 19 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 8) In addition to being good at customer relationship management, marketers must also work closely with others inside and outside the company to jointly bring more value to customers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 20 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 79) Success at delivering customer value rests on how well their entire supply chain performs against competitors' supply chains. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 20 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 80) Customer equity is a measure of the past value of the company's customer base.Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 22 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 81) Customers can be classified into four relationship groups, according to their profitability and projected loyalty. With reference to this classification, â€Å"barnacles† are potentially profitable but not loyal. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 23 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 82) Ever since the Great Recession, marketers are focusing on value-for-the-money, practicality, and durability in their product offerings and marketing pitches.Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 24 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 5 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 83) Most traditional brick-and-mortar companies have now become click-and-mortar companies. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 27 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 5 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 84) In the final step, the company reaps the rewards of its strong customer relationships by capturing value from customers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 5 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 5) What is marketing? Briefly describe the marke ting process. Answer: We define marketing as the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return. The marketing process consists of five steps. In the first four steps (Understand the marketplace and customer needs and wants, Design a customer-driven marketing strategy, Construct an integrated marketing program that delivers superior value, and Build profitable relationships and create customer delight), companies work to understand onsumers, create customer value, and build strong customer relationships. In the final step (Capture value from customers to create profits and customer equity), companies reap the rewards of creating superior customer value. By creating value for consumers, they in turn capture value from consumers in the form of sales, profits, and long-term customer equity. Page Ref: 5-6 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 1 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of mark eting 86) Briefly compare and contrast the concepts of needs, wants, and demands, giving an example of each. Discuss how these concepts relate to marketing practices.Answer: Human needs are states of felt deprivation. Needs are part of the human make-up; they are not created by external forces. Humans have a basic physical need for food, clothing, warmth, and safety; a basic social need for belonging and affection; and a basic individual need for knowledge and self-expression. Unlike needs, wants are not innate; instead, wants are needs shaped by culture, society, and individual personality. For example, an American needs food but wants a Big Mac and a soft drink. An American needs food, wants a Big Mac and soft drink, and demands lunch at McDonalds.Wants become demands when they are backed by consumers' buying power. Marketers conduct extensive research to understand customers' wants and demands. They then attempt to fulfill customers' wants and demands through their market offerin gs. Page Ref: 6 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 2 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 87) Explain market offerings and marketing myopia. Answer: Consumers' needs and wants are fulfilled through market offerings—some combination of products, services, information, or experiences offered to a market to satisfy a need or a want.Market offerings are not limited to physical products. They also include services—activities or benefits offered for sale that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything. Examples include banking, airline, hotel, retailing, and home repair services. More broadly, market offerings also include other entities, such as persons, places, organizations, information, and ideas. Many sellers make the mistake of paying more attention to the specific products they offer than to the benefits and experiences produced by these products. These sellers suffer from marketing myopia.They are so taken with their products that they focus only on existing wants and lose sight of underlying customer needs. They forget that a product is only a tool to solve a consumer problem. A manufacturer of quarter-inch drill bits may think that the customer needs a drill bit. But what the customer really needs is a quarter-inch hole. These sellers will have trouble if a new product comes along that serves the customer's need better or less expensively. The customer will have the same need but will want the new product. Page Ref: 6-7 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 2 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 8) How does a company decide whom it will serve? Answer: A company decides whom it will serve by dividing the market into segments of customers (market segmentation) and selecting which segments it will go after (target marketing). Some people think of marketing management as finding as many customers as possible and increasing demand. But marketing managers know that they cannot serve all customers in every way. By trying to serve all customers, they may not serve any customers well. Instead, the company wants to select only customers that it can serve well and profitably.Ultimately, marketing managers must decide which customers they want to target and on the level, timing, and nature of their demand. Page Ref: 9 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 89) Compare and contrast the product and production concepts. Answer: The production concept holds that consumers will favor products that are available and highly affordable. Therefore, management should focus on improving production and distribution efficiency. This concept is one of the oldest orientations that guides sellers.The production concept is still a useful philosophy in some situations. For example, both personal computer maker Lenovo and home appliance maker Haier dominate the highly competitive, price-sensitive Chinese marke t through low labor costs, high production efficiency, and mass distribution. However, although useful in some situations, the production concept can lead to marketing myopia. Companies adopting this orientation run a major risk of focusing too narrowly on their own operations and losing sight of the real objective-satisfying customer needs and building customer relationships.The product concept holds that consumers will favor products that offer the most in quality, performance, and innovative features. Under this concept, marketing strategy focuses on making continuous product improvements. Product quality and improvement are important parts of most marketing strategies. However, focusing only on the company's products can also lead to marketing myopia. For example, some manufacturers believe that if they can â€Å"build a better mousetrap, the world will beat a path to their doors. † But they are often rudely shocked.Buyers may be looking for a better solution to a mouse p roblem but not necessarily for a better mousetrap. The better solution might be a chemical spray, an exterminating service, a house cat, or something else that suits their needs even better than a mousetrap. Furthermore, a better mousetrap will not sell unless the manufacturer designs, packages, and prices it attractively; places it in convenient distribution channels; brings it to the attention of people who need it; and convinces buyers that it is a better product.Page Ref: 10 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 90) Compare the selling and marketing concepts, listing the key components of each philosophy. Answer: The selling concept reflects an inside-out philosophy, while the marketing concept takes an outside-in perspective. The selling concept is typically practiced when an organization is marketing products or services that buyers do not normally think of purchasing, such as insurance or blood do nation.Aggressive selling focuses on creating sales transaction rather than on building long-term relationships with customers, with the aim of selling what the company makes rather than making what the customer wants. The marketing concept, on the other hand, is based upon identifying the needs and wants of target markets and then satisfying those needs and wants better than competitors do. Under the marketing concept, customer focus and value are the paths to sales and profits. Instead of a product-centered make and sell philosophy, the marketing concept is a customer-centered sense and respond philosophy.The job is not to find the right customers for your product but to find the right products for your customers. Page Ref: 10-11 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 91) Briefly explain the societal marketing concept. Give an example of an organization that has effectively used the societal marketing c oncept. Answer: The societal marketing concept questions whether the pure marketing concept overlooks possible conflicts between consumer short-run wants and consumer long-run welfare.Is a firm that satisfies the immediate needs and wants of target markets always doing what's best for its consumers in the long run? The societal marketing concept holds that marketing strategy should deliver value to customers in a way that maintains or improves both the consumer's and society's well-being. It calls for sustainable marketing, socially and environmentally responsible marketing that meets the present needs of consumers and businesses while also preserving or enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.Johnson & Johnson is an example of a company that has successfully implemented the societal marketing concept. The organization stresses honesty, integrity, and putting people before profits, an ethic that helped Johnson & Johnson quickly address and recover from the po isonous tampering of Tylenol capsules in 1982. Page Ref: 11-12 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 3 AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 92) Define customer perceived value. Answer: Attracting and retaining customers can be a difficult task.Customers often face a bewildering array of products and services from which to choose. A customer buys from the firm that offers the highest customer-perceived value. It is defined as the customer's evaluation of the difference between all the benefits and all the costs of a market offering relative to those of competing offers. Importantly, customers often do not judge values and costs â€Å"accurately† or â€Å"objectively. † They act on perceived value. Page Ref: 13 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 3) The aim of customer relationship management is to create not just customer satisfaction, but customer del ight. Explain. Answer: Customer satisfaction cannot be taken for granted. Because brand loyalty is dependent upon strong customer satisfaction, companies strive to retain, satisfy, and even delight current customers. Firms create customer delight by promising only what they can deliver and then delivering more than what they promised. They also create emotional relationships with key customers. Delighted customers make repeated purchases and become customers for life.More importantly, they also essentially become an unpaid sales force for the firm as â€Å"customer evangelists' who tell other potential customers about their positive experiences with the product. Page Ref: 14 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 94) Companies can build customer relationships at many levels, depending on the nature of the target market. Explain the different types of relationships with examples. Answer: At one extreme, a company with many low-mar gin customers may seek to develop basic relationships with them.For example, Nike does not phone or call on all of its consumers to get to know them personally. Instead, Nike creates relationships through brand-building advertising, public relations, and its numerous Web sites ad apps. At the other extreme, in markets with few customers and high margins, sellers want to create full partnerships with key customers. For example, Nike sales representatives work closely with the Sports Authority, Dick's Sporting Goods, Foot Locker, and other large retailers. In between these two extremes, other levels of customer relationships are appropriate.Beyond offering consistently high value and satisfaction, marketers can use specific marketing tools to develop stronger bonds with customers. For example, many companies offer frequency marketing programs that reward customers who buy frequently or in large amounts. Airlines offer frequent-flyer programs, hotels give room upgrades to their frequen t guests, and supermarkets give patronage discounts to â€Å"very important customers. † Other companies sponsor club marketing programs that offer members special benefits and create member communities. Page Ref: 16 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 95) Discuss the opportunities and advantages that new communication technologies have created for marketers. Answer: Through the Internet and related technologies, people can now interact in direct and surprisingly personal ways with large groups of others, from neighbors within a local community to people across the world. With communication technologies such as e-mail, blogs, Web sites, online communities, online social networks, and Twitter, today's marketers incorporate interactive approaches that help build targeted, two-way customer relationships.Marketers can create deeper consumer involvement and a sense of community surrounding a brand, making a brand a meaningful part of consumers' conversations and lives. However, while new communication tools create relationship-building opportunities for marketers, they also create challenges. They give consumers a greater voice, and therefore greater power and control in the marketplace. Today's consumers have more information about brands than ever before, and they have a wealth of platforms for airing and sharing their brand views with other consumers.This benefits companies when views of its products are positive, but can be damaging when customers share stories of negative experiences with a company's products. Page Ref: 18 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills; Use of information technology Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 96) Compare and contrast between customer-managed relationships and consumer-generated marketing. Answer: Today's consumers have more information about brands than ever before, and they have a wealth of platforms for airing and sharin g their brand views with other consumers.Thus, the marketing world is now embracing not only customer relationship management, but also customer-managed relationships. Greater consumer control means that companies can no longer rely on marketing by intrusion. Instead, marketers must practice marketing by attraction—creating market offerings and messages that involve consumers rather than interrupt them. Hence, most marketers now augment their mass-media marketing efforts with a rich mix of direct marketing approaches that promote brand-consumer interaction. For example, many brands are creating dialogues with consumers via their own or existing online social networks.A growing part of the new customer dialogue is consumer-generated marketing, by which consumers themselves are playing a bigger role in shaping their own brand experiences and those of others. This might happen through uninvited consumer-to-consumer exchanges in blogs, video-sharing sites, and other digital forum s. But increasingly, companies are inviting consumers to play a more active role in shaping products and brand messages. Harnessing consumer-generated content can be a time-consuming and costly process. Page Ref: 18-19 Difficulty: Moderate Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Communication abilitiesCourse LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 97) Define customer equity and explain why it is important to a company. Answer: Customer equity is the sum of the lifetime values of all of the company's current and potential customers. Customer equity is dependent upon customer loyalty from a firm's profitable customers. Because customer equity is a reflection of a company's future, companies must manage it carefully, viewing customers as assets that need to be maximized. Page Ref: 22 Difficulty: Easy Chapter LO: 4 Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 8) Describe and compare the four types of customers classified by their potential profitability to an organization. Identify h ow an organization should manage each type of customer. Answer: The four types of customers are strangers, butterflies, true friends, and barnacles. 1. â€Å"Strangers† have low potential profitability and loyalty. A company's offerings do not fit well with a stranger's wants and demands. Companies should not invest in building a relationship with this type of customer. 2. Another type of customer in which a company should not invest is the â€Å"barnacle. Barnacles are highly loyal but not very profitable because there is a limited fit between their needs and the company's offerings. The company might be able to improve barnacles' profitability by selling them more, raising their fees, or reducing service to them. However, if they cannot be made profitable, they should be â€Å"fired. † 3. Like strangers, â€Å"butterflies† are not loyal. However, they are potentially profitable because there is a good fit between the company's offerings and their needs. Like real butterflies, this type of customer will come and go without becoming a permanent, loyal consumer of a company's products.Companies should use promotional blitzes to attract these customers, create satisfying and profitable transactions with them, and then cease investing in them until the next time around. 4. The final type of customers is â€Å"true friends;† they are both profitable and loyal. There is a strong fit between their needs and the company's offerings, so the company should make continuous relationship investments in an effort to go beyond satisfying and to delight these customers. A company should try to delight true friends so they will tell others about their good experiences with the company.Page Ref: 22-23 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 4 AACSB: Analytic skills Course LO: Discuss the fundamental concepts of marketing 99) Explain how the Internet has transformed the way in which we do business today. Answer: The Internet links individuals and busine sses of all types to each other. The Internet allows firms access to exciting new marketspaces. The Internet has spawned an entirely new breed of â€Å"click only† companies–the â€Å"dot-coms. † The post-Internet frenzy of the late 1990s has introduced companies that are both savvy and face promising futures.These companies use a set of new Web technologies to reach customers, including blogs (web logs), cell phones, video games, and social networking sites. â€Å"Brick-and-mortar† companies of the past are now â€Å"click-and-mortar† companies, with online presences aimed at attracting new customers and strengthening bonds with current customers. More than 75% of American Internet users now shop online, making a Web presence a necessity for any organization. Page Ref: 26-27 Difficulty: Challenging Chapter LO: 5 AACSB: Use of information technology Course LO: Describe the steps involved in developing an advertising campaign

Zaras E-Tailing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Zaras E-Tailing Plan - Essay Example The evidence is that the five initial target markets are a good choice for Zara, except for Poland, which is a newly opened economy where market barriers and regulations are still perceived to be high and Internet usage still in its infancy stage. In the other four target markets, Internet use is matured and well developed, but another problem may present itself in the form of stiffer competition. As a result, web development, operation and maintenance costs are expected to be costly. There is also the possible risk that the online operation would not yield the desired results. For these reasons, the report provides a road map for Zara in overcoming the challenges to its successful entry into e-tailing. This market is the logical site of the first Zara e-tailing site because it is the company's home base where its facilities and resources are concentrated. For this reason, no problem is expected in so far as supply chain management, speedy communication and transport of products are concerned. Spain has over 52 million people, its per capita income is high by EU standards, and the Internet is increasingly used for acquiring goods and services. The Basque rebellion seems to be under control.2. France Paris is the world's fashion capital, which makes France an even better site for Zara's initial online stores. Internet usage is highly advanced among France's over 70 million people. However, the world's most renowned fashion companies

Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Culture - Essay Example iscuss whether or not there are ‘good’ stereotypes and discuss the pros and cons of the stereotype in the hope of understanding and logically assessing the veracity of this stereotype. The stereotype: homeless people are lazy drunks, have been used to describe and portray the picture of homelessness in America. The source of this stereotype has not exactly been pinpointed, however, the fact that homeless drunks make up about 30 to 40% of the total homeless population may be blamed for this stereotype (Jones, â€Å"News†). The fact that these homeless drunks are often the ones who gain the most attention from society because of their occasionally disorderly behavior may be one of the factors which contribute to the development of this stereotype. Many studies and statistics however were able to disprove this stereotype. In a paper by Jones (â€Å"News†) she disputes the claim that 90% of homeless people are drug or alcohol abusers. She firmly disputes these claims by citing accurate sources of statistics on the homeless people. She cites the US Interagency Council on Homelessness, the National Coalition for the Homeless and the Los Angeles Services Au thority as accurate sources for statistics on the homeless people (Jones â€Å"News†). Based on her review of statistics from these agencies, about 25 to 39% of the homeless population is composed of children. She then poses the question, on whether or not it is really true that these children can be drunks. On a more accurate note, Jones (â€Å"News†) notes that most of the addiction and alcohol abuse was seen after these people became homeless, not after. She also point out that substance abuse statistics from a Los Angeles survey reveal that 42% of the homeless were drug or alcohol users. Clearly, these figures are still well below the 90% rate that previous reports claim. She also points out that the more likely split in the statistics surrounding the homeless people is at 33%. This represents 33%

The Warmth of Other Suns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Warmth of Other Suns - Essay Example Trotter writes about the closeness of Isabel Wilkerson to the subject and her deep involvement in the stories which provide a new understanding as to why the Southerners opted for the new life in the strife-torn cities far away from their homes. The book contains more than one thousand two hundred real life stories of trials and tribulations of black individuals, the untold stories of American history. Gene Dattel in the review of the book discusses this serious issue from a slightly different perspective. He quotes from the book, â€Å"We’re the ones that killing ourselves.† (493)When about six million black people migrated to the North, it created a national level problem, not the regional one. The picture was not rosy for the migrants. Many of the top black leaders were disappointed by the attitude of blacks and their involvement in the dark sides of life. According to the observation of Ida Mae Bandon Gladney, one of the migrants to the North, â€Å"Chicago’s black ghetto had become a cesspool of crime, drugs and dilapidated neighborhoods. It was also Chicago that frustrated Dr. Martin King Jr.’s attempt to bring the civil rights movement to the North in 1966.† The author advocates introspection for the blacks and opines that they are in a way responsible for their plight. The book connects well to the volatile social conditions in America, of the 1960s and throws light on the tensions within the relationship of blacks and whites. But the author is unable to provide tangible solutions to the century old problems confronting the blacks, though they get full legal protection under the American

Individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Individual report - Essay Example ram should find ways to make it possible for individuals using all kinds of phones to be able to access Instagram since it is restricted to individuals with Smart phones only. Pattarada (2013) defined Instagram as an online video and photo sharing service that makes it possible for users to enjoy the pleasure of taking videos and pictures and then sharing them on the various social network services such as Twitter, Flickr, Whatssap, Tumblr, and Facebook. The cloud based video and photo-sharing services for Instagram are delivered via mobile and desktop devices, and the whole process relies on technology. Mike Krieger and Kevin Systrom founded Instagram and on October 2010, their services were launched. This paper is going to analyze how Instagram is using information systems to support its business strategy and how the company is using technology to build a sustainable competitive advantage. This model was named after Michael Porter and it provides five forces competitive forces that determine how the organizations can use them to shape their industries and provides guidelines on how to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the business (Cohan, 2012). These forces affect the ability of an organization to provide service to their customers and to make profits. The five competitive forces include: Instagram has competition from existing companies such as Facebook, Twitter, and Whatssap among others. These competitors make it difficult for Instagram to develop successfully since they all offer almost the same services. Instagram therefore have to devise powerful competitive strategies to be the best in the market and sustain competitive advantages through innovation (Pattarada, 2013). The growth rate for industries related to Instagram is high and different new products are introduced in the market at a high level. The existence of other applications such as Facebook, Twitter, and Whatssap that can share photos and videos increase the probability of customers

Marriage as Entrapment for Men and Women in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Marriage as Entrapment for Men and Women in Ibsens A Dolls House - Essay Example At first, she thinks that money is enough to have a happy life, until she realizes that she cannot be happy until she loves herself and she cannot love someone she does not know at all. She breaks all gender norms when she decides to leave her family and to turn over a new leaf. The play uses characters, symbolism, and irony to demonstrate the theme of marriage as a metaphor for imprisonment because it entraps both men and women into delimiting gender roles and expectations, which are particularly disadvantageous for women because once married, they have no freedom and autonomy to grow as human beings. The characters of the play demonstrate masculine and feminine roles and expectations that produce a marriage based on gender inequality. Torvald is the typical masculine stereotype who is expected to control his family’s affairs, including his wife’s. As a husband and a father, he sees himself as the dominant breadwinner and source of authority in his family. He highly va lues his role as a breadwinner because in his society, a successful man is someone who has a big income and high social status. He tells his wife: â€Å"It is splendid to feel that one has a perfectly safe appointment and a big enough income† (Ibsen Act 1). Society conditions men to think about money most of the time because money gives them power, and so Torvald wants to control the source of money in his household. Moreover, Torvald’s patriarchal attitudes can be seen in how he treats his wife, such as when he calls her a â€Å"little lark† or a â€Å"little squirrel† (Ibsen Act 1). He also believes that it is â€Å"like a woman† to not consider the consequences of their actions (Ibsen Act 1). Torvald sees his wife as a â€Å"little† object, someone who is inferior to him because she is a woman. Moreover, Torvald even thinks that immorality comes from women, not men. He tells Nora: â€Å"Almost everyone who has gone to the bad early in li fe has had a deceitful mother† (Ibsen Act 1). Nora is quite offended with this belief, but Torvald honestly thinks that bad people are generally products of bad mothers, which indicates his poor perceptions of women. With such a low opinion of women, he treats his wife as his doll, someone he can and must control for her own good. He does not allow Nora to have a social life, which Nora confirms for Mrs. Linde: â€Å"Torvald is so absurdly fond of me that he wants me absolutely to himself, as he says† (Ibsen Act 2). Torvald does not want Nora to grow as a person because she might be a threat to his authority. Instead, he keeps her locked up in their house and ensures that she depends on him for money and social relationship. Two women indicate the result of following socially-produced gender norms. Mrs. Linde represents women who are married to their gender roles and responsibilities. She does not marry for love, but for money because she wants to help her family. She i s practical, but in a way that pushed her to sacrifice her happiness, which is normal for her time because society expects women to have no autonomy and to be obligated in fulfilling the endless needs of their families. Like Mrs. Linde, Nora portrays the feminine stereotype. She is a woman who is married to her motherhood and spousal duties, while representing the feminine stereotype of a superficial spendthrift. Her sole responsibility is to ensure the happiness of her family, especially her husband, and to perform traditional middle-class feminine roles. She buys things needed in their house, supervises the welfare of her children, manages financial affairs, and stays inside their home as much as possible. In other words, she is glued to her roles as a wife and a mother. She is such a traditional woman that

The Communication Effect on a Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Communication Effect on a Family - Essay Example The essay "The Communication Effect on a Family" analyzes the research on how communication affects a family. The miscommunication is attributed to poor communication or lack of a common language between two people, ideally, this is triggered by the different viewpoints of speaking held by specific people. Basically, its major area of concern is the larger sense of community and indeed the whole human system in general. According to interaction view, each and every behavior is considered to be a way of communication thus it is totally impossible to evade communication. Communication can be perceived to be avoided but the use of non-verbal communication is one way of passing information. Silence is usually attributed to some issues which are considered to be completely beyond our reach or control thus rendering the idea of no communication to be totally impossible. For instance, I am a Chinese student studying in America but it would be impossible not to communicate to my family back in China. Basically, every form of communication is made up of specific content with regard to the relationship between the two parties involved. Generally, all communications contain specific meaning as per the words used and to the person, the information is intended to be delivered to. On the other hand, the information is based on how the sender or the speaker intends for his or her information to be perceived by the receiver. For instance, I always prefer to communicate with my family using Skype. not because I can not reach them through an ordinary phone but it’s due to the general perception of how the content of information I intend to deliver to them is perceived, ideally the relationship we have is the core factor of why the best method of communication is preferred between me and my parents therefore the viability of how and what the communicator said lies in the ability of one to interpret both the verbal and non-verbal aspects of communication. Metacommunication is generally regarded to be the core relational aspect of any interaction between two or more people. Punctuation also plays a critical role in determining the nature of relationship between the sender and the recipient of a certain massage. Both the sender and recipient of information behave in a different manner during the entire process of communication however these forms of behaviors are attributed to their partner’s reactions, ideally there is the feeling from both sides of partners with each side believing that the other partner is the main reason behind the strange behavior. There is need of punctuating the whole communication thus terming one part of it as the cause while the other part is referred to as the main response. There are several instances that occur in line with other subsequent events, basically this implies that when one event happens then most definitely it would trigger the other adjacent event to follow suit. This case applies to me when I do not tal k or communicate to my family back in china through the Skype then most definitely I will be depressed or have quilt feelings of breaking down communication to people who are so dear to

Requires ...grammar....expression correction Essay

Requires ...grammar....expression correction - Essay Example Despite the technological advancement, hi-tech society buildings still suffers from a variety of issues of maintenance causes from decisions of their designer. It is a broad observation that modern day buildings are more susceptible to maintenance as compared to older counterparts. This research investigates of the impact of design defects on maintenance through their barriers and limitations of the interaction between them in an attempt to improve building design to reduce maintenance costs, especially in hospital buildings. In addition to literature studies, the interviewee questions and a case study have been analyzed to identify design and maintenance defects, their impacts on the maintenance and management of hospital buildings in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, it explores the concerning roles, responsibilities, obligations, and liabilities of the agents who are involved in the design and maintenance performance and feasible solutions. The King Fahad Hospital was chosen for the stud y and the five interviewees were interviewed on telephone. Qualitative methodology was selected to collect data for this study; it has been found out that the majority of maintenance dilemmas in the hospital building are attributed to design defects. The defects affecting the maintenance of hospital in the budget were led to depletion of maintenance budget besides an increase in maintenance costs. Some recommendations were provided. Conclusion The first topic the chapter reviewed was maintenance. Common problems were identified and approaches to reduce the burden of maintenance through Total Quality Management of design were described. The effect poor design has on society was explored in terms of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal aspects. The chapter discussed design defects in terms of the professional obligations that each agent in the design team holds. The chapter emphasized the roles, which the civil engineers, the architects, the interior de signers, the commissioning agents, and the structural engineers have in the designing process. It also talked about the increasing role of legal action in poor design. Then the chapter discussed the inherent limitations of the building design and maintenance and its limitation in their relation. It lists the scope of the projects as well as the objectives and concludes with the significance of an investigation of the impact of design on the maintenance of hospital buildings in Saudi Arabia. This presents an opportunity for investigations of the impact of design imperfections on maintenance. In prior knowledge of most results and the factors that influenced the maintenance of negligence in design, circles many aspects such as specification of materials, thermal movement, wet areas, ventilation, inefficient detailing, improper material selection and poor design for accessing maintenance measures. The chapter also argued that the design process must also be considered from legal standp oint and the obligations of the design agents. There is mention in the literature of maintenance issues in Saudi Arabia. Ikhwan and Burney (1999) pointed out the importance of maintenance in the Kingdom, and discussed the need for maintenance education. They also highlighted research activities on maintenance performed at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. They recommended an extensive assessment of the current states of maintenance management and

Empowerment in health promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Empowerment in health promotion - Essay Example The aspects of empowerment, as used in general and in particular in the healthcare sector are presented below; emphasis is given on the theoretical approaches used for explaining the involvement of empowerment in the healthcare sector. It is proved that empowerment can be viable in health promotion but only if certain conditions exist; the internal and external environment of each case and the ability of the medical staff involved in the relevant schemes are quite important for ensuring the success of empowerment in the specific field. The differentiations identified in the interpretation of empowerment in health promotion can be considered as justified, taking into consideration the significant differences that can be identified in healthcare settings worldwide, as this issue is analytically explained below. 2. Meaning of empowerment In order to understand the role of empowerment in health promotion, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the context of empowerment, i.e. its ch aracteristics and mission, as identified in various social areas. Then, its use in health promotion could be evaluated taking into consideration the needs of the specific sector, as identified in healthcare settings worldwide. ... Based on the above definition, the following key characteristics of empowerment should be highlighted: empowerment needs to be provided, in other words, it cannot be assumed as existing. Rather it should be clearly given, under the terms that it can be used appropriately, meaning the skills and the capabilities of the person who is provided with empowerment (Barry et al. 2006). In any case, the discretion provided through empowerment is rather limited. In accordance with Ginnodo (1997) empowerment is differentiated from ‘dumping and anarchy’ (Ginnodo 1997, p.34). This means that empowerment needs to be based on specific rules/ suggestions which will be ordered without discriminating – always under the terms that the ‘empowered’ is able to understand and follow the particular orders. On the other hand, the elements and the requirements of empowerment can be differentiated across social and business activities; in business, the term empowerment is consi dered as a key tool for increasing motivation and self-confidence of employees (Quinn et al. 1998). From this point of view, in business area, empowerment is related to concepts and initiatives as organizational supervision, criteria of reward and job design (Quinn et al. 1998). Indeed, when empowerment needs to be evaluated as an element of the business environment, emphasis should be given to the following issue: at what level empowerment has actually promoted self-efficacy across the organization. At this point, the skills of the manager can be also revealed taking into consideration the tasks allocated to employees – under the terms that the goals set need to be achievable, based on the skills of each employee

Newspaper article to evaluate Essay Example for Free

Newspaper article to evaluate Essay Newspaper article to evaluate and review the purpose of faith schools in multi-faith and multicultural Britain. Faith schools in Britain are schools that teach general national curriculums but using religious principles and aims within their teaching. The extremities of these principles vary between different faiths and different schools. The term â€Å"faith schools† was first used in 1990 when Muslim institutes demanded for more freedom within education. There is approximately 7000 faith schools in Britain, almost a third of all state funded schools with around one and quarter million pupils but many ask if there is any need for such a large number of faith schools in a society that is becoming more secular. In 2006, 197 faith schools made up the 209 primary schools in the UK that achieved â€Å"perfect† results in that year’s league tables. All students reached the expected standard for 11 year olds in English, maths and science. The best school in the tables was North Cheshire Jewish primary school which offers â€Å"a traditional Jewish education†. The most improved school was St Anne’s Roman Catholic primary school whose results tripled within three years. Some would say that faith schools create a â€Å"social sorting† of children according to class, ability, religion and academics. This could be backed up by the fact that faith schools achieve higher exam results on average in the UK. However, the pupils who attend the secondary faith schools who have been to high-achieving primary schools appear to be from more well-off families. As well as this, according to a report for the Government, faith schools only achieve better results as they select the best pupils, not because of their religious ethos thus raising the question in whether if there is a need for faith schools. The Politics Show South has surveyed all the secondary schools in the region and found that 72% of pupils at the regions faith schools got five good GCSE results, as against a national average of 53. 7% getting five good GCSE results. Four out of five faith schools in the South beat the national average. A parent at the Islamia Primary School in Queens Park, North London, also sees cultural advantages for her children in faith schools. I wanted them to have a sense of pride as a Muslim but also to be following the English curriculum so that they could hopefully continue on to university and mix with everyone else. â€Å"But at the same time theyd know about Islam from a Muslim and not a Christian point of view. † As well as result statistics, faith schools are also keen on imposing discipline and teaching ethics to students. Some say that â€Å"the force of their religion and faith and the ethos of how to become a good citizen will be there all the time. † This means that students who study at these faith schools may have difficulty indulging in a crime or hating people or doing something which is not like their religious ethos. However a lot of people would agree that the rise of multi faith schools within the country would actually produce more secular societies as the rise in numbers and funding of one particular faith for schools could lead to unsettlement from other faiths. Also, single faith schools can also leave children unequipped to deal with life in mainstream Britain as only select things are taught within single faith schools. Director of National Secular society said: If they are moving from restricted communities into a single faith school, they have very little contact with those from the majority community. And then suddenly, when they are 16 they come out into the majority community for the first time and into the workplace. Im worried about the implications of that.

Gender Inequality In Educational Sector Of Pakistan Sociology Essay

Gender Inequality In Educational Sector Of Pakistan Sociology Essay Education is considered to be the most valuable possession for every human being today. Gender inequality is more pronounced in Pakistan. Women are disadvantaged with respect to the outcomes of schooling. My literature review incorporates all the questions regarding sex differences and I have mainly focus on the issues that are central to the questions of gender inequality in educational sector. Research remains focused on secondary information. Literature review consists of 10 articles as follow. The introduction to this article( the status of women in Pakistan,1988) written by HAQ, attempts to state that women constitute the majority about 52% of the worlds population, yet many societies discriminate them and Pakistan is one of those. The article mainly discuses that women in the rural areas are made to work as long as 14 to 16 hours without payments. Their status is mainly based on local custom rather than QURANIC verses. In a traditional society women occupy really low status. There is a history of female in the subcontinent that women are expected to function within their frame work before marriage they had to obey their fathers and brothers and after marriage their husbands. Most of the women live in the state of withdrawal deprived of their identity and this is because of the lack of education and Pakistani women are denied due to social prestige and economic activity. The variables that are extracted from this article are local custom and lack of awareness. The author define these variables in such a manner that he focuses on reducing gender disparity, should be the priority of the society and this gender disparity can be reduced by eliminating the traditional practices that are held in a society for example women should have equal participation in the decision making and increase women knowledge on family planning as the article states that average number of live birth is 5.8, maternal mortality is very high at an estimated 500 out of 100,000 births. The article discusses the status of women in Pakistan and due to gender discrimination how they are lacking in education. Educated and independent women are more enthusiastic towards life and are capable of understanding modernized changes rather than illiterate under nutritive dependant women .furthermore the article discuses that gender discrimination is mainly because of the traditional customs they are following especially in the villages. Hypothesis: the status of women in Pakistan should be enhanced or not This article gender inequality in education written by Nelly P.Stromquist in 1990 focuses on womens access to education, both in terms of the decrease in the rate of literacy and in years of schooling attained, the article says that there has been improvement over time. Compared to their mothers and grandmothers, women today have more education than ever before. The enrollment of women in primary and secondary school has improved in the last 30 years, and women have registered a slightly greater rate of growth, as women have increased their average years of schooling. Despite all these fact, women still continue to face lower levels of education than men. Women in the third world countries are considered to be feminine and weak in terms of reward and social prestige. The author states that there are still a sizable number of countries that do not collect statistics by sex, particularly at higher levels of education, indicating thereby that they do not consider the improvement of wome ns education a priority. The rate or level of women participation in educational sector reveals that it is the women from low-income groups and low status, ethnic affiliation who register the lowest levels of education. Above stated are the variables that were extracted from the article: low income group, low ethnic affiliation, rate of dropping out. The author defines the variables in a way he says that most of the gender disparity which is observed across the societies is a result of class difference that fully explains why the gender disparity exists and persists. Furthermore the article discuses that there have been few studies that specifically distinguish inequalities due to gender from those due to class or race. A study by Rosemberg (1985) showed that the discrimination by income was more pronounced than the discrimination by race. There is a difference in the education of different social classes. The particular article is relevant to the topic in such a way it states that the schooling of daughter is not deemed worthwhile in front of the schooling of a son. And another major reason of women lacking in education is of high dropout rates of girls in primary and secondary schools. And this is mainly because of early marriages. Insufficient places in secondary school, co education cost of education and low quality of education of girls. Many of the studies in this category do not ask why it is that womens education is considered less important than that of men or why it is that the education of women is so pervasively linked by social norms to their role as wives and mothers. The methodology that was used in the article was viewing different theories about social inequalities in education, are those that are derived from either the functionalist (or consensual) or the conflict (or neo-Marxist) approaches. Hypothesis: is women education considered less important than men The article class and gender in education-employment linkage written by Hanna Papanek focuses on the impact of global economic and political changes on low income nations. Poor families that depend entirely on returns to labor in order to survive are most likely to require participation in wage labor (or labor exchange arrangements) by all household members, including men, women, and children. Under these circumstances, educational participation becomes very difficult for both male and female, but because males generally have a wider range of earning opportunities, they are more likely preferred than females to be allowed to attend school. On the other hand at class and income levels where families are less dependent on female wage labor, womens education is preferred little bit. Family status has a direct bearing on access to economic and political resources that enhances education facility in women. Another factor that is discussed in this article is the family honor and these are the variables extracted from this article INCOME in terms of FAMILY STATUS. The author defines the variables in such a way that differences among classes are signaled by the extent of control over women which is family honor. In some cases girls may not be permitted to attend middle schools located outside the village because it would injure family honor and compromise marriage over it. In other cases, the attainment of secondary or tertiary education may confer so much prestige on the family that the possible status loss associated with daughters living away from home is offset. Marriage chances may also be enhanced when a daughter is sufficiently educated that she can just read and write her name and which can make her earn minimal amount of living. In Egypt as it is a highly stratified society, formal education for both men and women has long been associated with class and status. Higher education, in particular, has played an important role in the reproduction of the bourgeoisie , although not always in the predicted fashion. In Egypt, not all illiterate women can be presumed to be from poor families; at least some proportion of this group, especially among older women, comes from families that do not permit women contact with the outside world. The overwhelming majority of illiterate or barely literate women, however, are from poor families. The article is base from a comparative regional study in Asia that is now under way and from research in a nearby country (Egypt) that is similar in many respects to the countries included in the regional study. Many of the nations in the ongoing study have large Muslim populations (Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Malaysia) etc. concluding the article female educational participation, especially at higher levels, is a consequence of higher family status rather than a means to upward mobility. Hypothesis: do females have less access to both schooling and employment than males do. This article Muslims, markets, and the meaning of a good education in Pakistan was written by Mattew J. Nelson in (October, 2006) examines the nature of local educational demands in Pakistan and show that parents favor religious education usually for girls. Girls access to education in Pakistan has been restricted. Despite improvements in the last 20 years, underlying factors still make the state education system inefficient and the current male to female literacy ratio is still at 65:40. And this is mainly because people wrongly assume that our religion dont permit girls for normal education. Girls are usually preferred to go to maddrasas which most of the parents in rural areas think is a better and accessible option and more convenient option for them. Furthermore the article describes the market and the meaning of good education in Pakistan. Families of middle class who can afford primary education of girls still prefer sending their girls to religious schools which cost them ver y little and prefer their boys to enjoy all the privilege of higher education because they think that it is in our religion that girls are suppose to stay at home. The variable that was identified from this article is religion (Islam). The author defines the variable in such a way that he himself carried a survey and a Questionnaire in which two type of people were questioned one for whom the local madrasa (Islamic religious school) was most important Secondly parents were selected from a variety of economic circumstance. However the outcome was that out of 112 respondents 91 were in the favor of madras for girls. The article is relevant to the topic in a way that it discusses about the how the choice of religious education for girls is forming a disparity in educational sector of Pakistan. The article mainly discuses the, substantive features of local educational demand and religious demand Hypothesis: is demand in favor of religious education rather than local The article Girls Are Boys Are: Myths, Stereotypes Gender Differences written by Patricia B. Campbell, Ph.D.Jennifer N. Storo in 2006 mainly discuses, how much the gender counts in education the author of this article states that Sex is not a good predictor of academic skills, interests or even emotional characteristics. The author discusses about the different myths that are related to girls for example biologically girls cannot handle the stress of higher education. Due to these myths parents have lower expectations from girls and they become gender biased and the variable that was extracted from this article was MYTHS AND STEREOTYPES. Now author further more discuses why myths persist based on gender and race. The history of myths will explain how author has defined the variable it is a common belief that men are principal producers and bread earners of the family so they should enjoy all the privileges and this is a primary reason why their education was considered more importan t than girls. And it was considered that women are property of husband and her only job is to produce children. Furthermore many of the people use to believe and still many of them do is that women reproductive capacity will destroy if her intellect is going to improve. Which in other words mean that women with better education will not listen to men. For example it was concluded that women in their menstrual cycle if uses their brain lose their mammary functions. This particular article is relevant to the topic in such a way as many of these myths are still believed and practiced in Pakistan when it comes to education specifically. This was both quantitive and qualitative form of research in which graphs, charts and theories were used to measure different type of myths Hypothesis: Is there a biological bias for sex differences The article The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education on Rural Poverty in Pakistan written by Imran shareef chaudray and Saeed ur rahman in 2009. The main purpose of this article was to identify the gender inequality in education on rural poverty in Pakistan. The article basically discuses that gender inequality in education persists in almost all the poor countries and Pakistan is one of those. Strong gender disparities exist in the rural and urban areas of Pakistan. Pakistan is one of those societies in which women suffer all sort of discriminations. There are countless issues of education in Pakistan including low level of investment, cultural constraints, poverty, gender and regional inequalities in budgetary allocation to education, low enrollment rates due to poor condition of public schools, high population growth producing more illiterates and poor, lack of implementation of educational policies. Violence against women, class discrimination, poverty, lack of educational fa cilities, and various parallel education systems in government and private education are the major emerging issues which should be dealt with curriculum reforms and effective educational policies. Above mentioned are all the variables extracted from this article but the major variable that I highlighted is POVERTY. Logit regression analysis on primary data was used to reach the conclusion. However it was concluded that poverty has adverse effects on gender disparity in education. Hypothesis: effect of poverty on education This article DOCUMENT TO DEBATE AND FINALIZE THE NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY written by JAVED HASAN ALY in December 2006 is intended to stimulate discussion of major policy issues concerning Education Sector in Pakistan. The educational status of women in Pakistan is unacceptably low, in fact, amongst the lowest in the world. Development, only 19% of females have attained education upto Matric, 8% upto Intermediate, 5% Bachelors degree and 1.4% achieved a Masters degree. 60% of the female adult population is illiterate. Of the 3.3 million out of school children, 2.503 million are girls. 73.6% of primary age girls attend school, compared with 92.1% of boys. Although education has been seen to add value to a female worker but in Pakistan for female education is considered as a abuse. Different policies have been recommended to eliminate this gender gap in education but the fund allocation and human resources that were provided by the government to implement the policies. So the variables that were extracted from this article are Low level of financial allocation and inefficient utilization of resources. The author describes the variable in such a way that since 1947 the emphasis on girls education is laid down and many policies and reforms have been made to practice it but due to lack of financial resources Pakistan is still facing gender discrimination in education. The article on whole is relevant to the topic because it is discussing the policies and their effect on educational sector of Pakistan The particular article THE FUTURE OF GIRLS EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN written by Dr. Humala Shaheen Khalid Dr. Eshya Mujahid-Mukhtar: August 2002 discuses that although most children do get admitted to primary schools, but the major problem is their retention in primary classes. Given the poverty, high opportunity costs of children attending school (as sometimes they are required to contribute to the familys economic activities or towards daily household chores such as fetching water, fuel or sibling care), parents low perception about education, poor quality of education, teacher absenteeism and/or childs bad health, a very high proportion of students drops out from primary school. Reasons cited for leaving primary school varied between boys and girls. While most boys left school due to child not willing Most girls said they had to help at home. During the past decade, several policy initiatives were undertaken, each with a strong component for improving girls education in the country. Besides two educational policies, namely, the National Education Policy (1992) and the National Education Policy (1998-2010), the Government of Pakistan launched the Social Action Programmed (SAP) in 1993/94 which focused on improving the social indicators for girls and women. But none of these policies was followed properly so the variable that was extracted from this article was lack of of financial allocation and Lack of encouragement by government and lack of school facilities. The government of Pakistan is lacking way behind in providing educational facilities Great care needs to be exercised while portraying the future of girls education in Pakistan. Female education is subjected to the forces of both demand as well as supply barriers such as poverty, lower status of female in society and her security concerns, coupled with lack of school facilities, teaching materials and inadequacy or absence of female teachers. More importantly, there are strong linkages of the education se ctor with other sectors. The Study is based on secondary sources. National statistical sources have been extensively used which include the Population and Housing Census 1998; the Economic Surveys (various issues) and the reports published by the National (and provincial) Education Management and Information System (NEMIS). The Study also relies heavily on other data sources and relevant research reports issued by the Central Bureau of Education, Academy of Educational Planning and Management (AEPAM) and the Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS). Hypothesis: future of girls education in Pakistan This article ROLE OF WOMEN IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN written by Jehan Qamar in 2000 is about the importance of role of women in economic development. And it contains a lot of information about state of women in education and their employment. This article also lays emphasis on political and cultural instability that is affecting the status of women in Pakistan. And this political and cultural instability are also the variables extracted from the article. Furthermore the article discuses that the implication of cultural norms are affecting the education of women a lot different policies made by the Pakistans government were reviewed before writing this article and whether there implication is active or not and how it is affecting the economy. However it was concluded that the role of women in economic development can be enhanced if women provided with proper education Hypothesis: role of women in economic development of Pakistan The article DISTANCE EDUCATION AS A STRATEGY FOR ELIMINATING GENDER DISPARITY IN PAKISTAN written by à ¢Ã‹â€ -Dr. Irshad Hussain in 2008. The article discuses about the role of distance education in addressing the issue of gender disparity in Pakistan The study was descriptive in nature and the researchers adopted survey approach. The study was conducted in Punjab province. The study consisted on three populations: (i). B.A level female students, (ii). their parents and (iii). academicians of Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. Researchers adopted stratified and convenient sampling technique for collecting data from students their parents and academicians respectively. The samples of the study comprised of 600 students, 60 parents and 60 academicians .The article starts with describing that gender discrimination is one of the major issue in Pakistan at present as we all know that the Pakistani society is male dominated and males enjoy all the privileges where as female population is a very small and neglected community of Pakistan. Unluc kily gender gap is wide and demands immediate attention to address the issue. However distance education is one of the solutions and incentives which provide girls an opportunity to study even in culturally restricted areas. It can cater educational needs of the society at the doorstep on equal basis and frees learners from time and place restrictions. Keeping in consideration the above characteristics Allama Iqbal University is offering different programs through distanced approach. As a result admission rate has increased specially in Allama Iqbal University. Hypothesis: Is distance education effective or not

Product analysis of Nestle

Product analysis of Nestle Nestlà © is the largest food company in the world, marketing over 8,500 brands and 30,000 products. It operates nearly 500 factories across 5 continents and employs over 200,000 employees worldwide. As the World Food Company, Nestlà © is the provider of the best food for whatever time of day and for whatever time of your life. Nestlà © RD Singapore plays an important role in the development of products for Nestlà © Nutrition, with focus on creating products with micronutrient fortification to address deficiencies. Nestlà © has an extensive product mix targeted at many different segments of the market. The chosen product category for in-depth analysis is Nestlà © milk products, which is targeted at parents of young children (age 1 5) and health conscious adult consumers who desire to retain heart and bone health. In the adult category in specific, the functional milks offer a range of functional benefits, from cholesterol management and heart health to bone health. A product mix is the set of all products a particular seller offers for sale. A product mix consists of various product lines and has a certain width, length, depth, and consistency. The table below shows the product-mix width and product-line length for Nestlà © products in Singapore. Product-Mix Width Baby Foods Milk Cereals Chilled Dairy Ice Cream Confec-tionery Choco-lates Beverages Culinary/ Foods Healthcare Nutrition Perfor-mance Nutrition Pet Care Product Line Length Junior Foods Growing Up Milk Breakfast Cereals Yogurt Drink Drumstick Kit Kat Milo Maggi Noodles Nutren PowerBar ALPO Dog Food Infant Cereals Full Cream Milk Yogurt MatKool Milkybar Nescafe Maggi Porridges Peptamen Pro Plan Dry Food Adult Milk Take Home Tubs Crunch Maggi Stock Nestle Ice Cream Smarties Sauces Seasonings Potong Milo Yang Sheng Le Nestle Gold Recipe Collections Uncle Tobys The width of a product mix refers to how many different product lines the company carries. Nestlà ©s range of product lines includes baby foods, milk, cereals, dairy products, confectionery, ice cream and chocolates, culinary foods and pet care products. Nestlà © also provides a broad range of nutritional and flavored beverages and offers product line with specific nutritional functions. The length of a product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. Nestlà © had an average product length of 2.8. Within the range of Nestlà ©s milk products include growing up milk, full cream, filled milk and adult milk. The depth of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of each product in the line. For instance, Nestlà © adult milk comes in two functional forms (bone and heart health). The consistency of the product mix refers to how closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels, or some other way. Nestlà ©s product lines are consistent insofar as they are consumer goods that go through the same distribution channels. Company can expand its business in four ways: it can add new product lines, thus widening its product mix; it can lengthen each product line; it can add more product variants to each product and deepen its product mix; or it can pursue more product-line consistency. To reach our targeted market, Nestlà © can add new product line in the area of elderly health food, thus widening its product mix. In Singapore, the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) conducted in 2003 reported a prevalence of dementia among the elderly as 5.2% for > 60 years, 6.0% for > 65 years, and 13.9% for > 75 years. Health Minister Khaw Boon Wan expects the numbers to double by year 2020. According to research, nutritional deficiencies in elderly are one of the factors influencing their cognitive functioning. In the article Many over-50s not eating properly (The Straits Times, September 2, 2010), the columnist shared a recent survey results indicating that older Singaporeans are not getting enough nutrition, with only 1 per cent of 421 respondents aged 50 years old and above have a balanced diet that meets the recommendations of the Health Promotion Board (HPB). Contrary to common belief, dementia is not an inevitable part of the ageing process and preventive and protective factors can help reduce the risk or delay the onset of dementia (Health Promotion Board). The best way to fight dementia is to maintain a good cognitive function and having a healthy and balanced diet is essential. There is a growing need and market for Nestlà © to produce brain-healthy functional foods targeted at the segment of the silver market who desire to retain memory, brain health and have a balanced diet. In Singapore, although there are already a number of brain health supplements targeted at the elderly, fortified food products aimed at this group are lacking. The first reason why Nestlà ©s product may be modified to reach the targeted segment is because Nestlà © Research Centre (NRC) is internationally renowned for its work in the food and nutritional sciences. For instance, as milk is particularly sensitive to heat, Nestlà © developed a soft sterilization of milk that protects the delicate amino acid, lysine and etc in their dairy products. In the article Brain food (The Business Times, December 02, 2009), Fernando Gomez-Pinilla, a professor of neurosurgery and physiological science at UCLA Medical School shared his findings on how dietary factors affect brain function. And he emphasized that Omega-3 fatty acids, with DHA are essential for normal brain function, and has been proven to enhance synaptic plasticity. Through Prof Gomezs exploration, he has proven that folates and antioxidants also helped reduce age-related decline in cognitive function. Presently, Nestlà © offers different milk products fortified with iron, zinc, vitamin A and other micronutrients aimed at addressing specific health deficiencies and they have existing product such as NESTLÉ ® NAN ® infant milk formula that contains DHA and ARA, two important ingredients that support brain development of young children. Nestlà © Research teams can work on improving the ingredients used in their existing products and offer milk products fortified with Omega-3 fatty acids, folates and antioxidants aimed at maintaining the cognitive function of the aging population. What is needed is a marketing effort, advertising the new range of products as brain-boosting functional food to the elderly. Next, Nestlà © had distinctive product lines catering to the needs of infant, young children; adults who are concerned with their health; and athletics who wants a performance boost. Nestlà © RD Singapore has always been focusing on creating products with micronutrient fortification to address deficiencies, therefore, with Nestlà ©s expertise in the field and food and nutritional sciences, they can aim to develop an additional product line with a range of milk products cater for the management of elderly health, besides, the development of brain healthy fortified food is for the benefit of the aging population in Singapore. In the longer run, Nestlà © can also introduce a range of new food products such as elderly snacks, healthy food and drinks and healthier culinary products with a different positioning and target the different segments of the silver market. Question 2 (18 marks) In this section, I will move on to discuss how Nestlà © currently makes use of the marketing mix concepts of pricing, promotion and distribution channels to reach its key target market for Nestlà © adult milk products in specific. Their adult milk products are targeted at health-conscious adult consumers who desire to retain heart and bone health. Price is the one element of the marketing mix that produces revenue and communicates to the market the companys intended value positioning of its product or brand. Nestlà ©s consumers range from the poorest to the wealthiest, and those seeking for convenience food or specific alternatives with perceived consumer benefits. These offer opportunities for them to provide high quality nutritious products. (Nestle Management Report, 2007). Nestlà © has adopted value pricing through winning loyal customers by charging a fairly low price for a high-quality offering. For instance, Nestlà © targets the lower income group through their Popularly Positioned Products (PPP) strategy, which focuses on creating items that are both highly nutritious and affordable on a daily basis for low-income consumers. Value pricing involves re-engineering their companys operations to become a low-cost producer. Nestlà © set strategic price points for their products, considering the fact that those with lower incomes have an even greater need for highly nutritious foods. (Nestle Management Report, 2007). Nestlà © had developed product lines rather than single products and introduce price steps, known as their multi-price point strategy, aimed at capturing all market opportunities. In this way, their targeted consumers are able to trade up and down without trading out of Nestlà ©s products. An illustration of their multi-price point strategy for a packet of 900g of adult milk within the product line is estimated as follow: Nestlà © also stimulate purchase of their milk products through various promotional pricing. For instance, the Nestlà © milk powder promotion at FairPrice offers a redemption of $10 NTUC FairPrice gift vouchers when customer accumulate $100 worth of Nestlà © milk powders purchase. The promotion encourages purchase of Nestlà © milk products within a specified time. Nestlà © also establish special prices in certain events to draw more customers. Nestlà © had an unmatched geographic presence in many markets, including emerging markets. Nestlà © has created very close relationships between their brands and their consumers as well as an in-depth understanding of their consumers and an expertise in related trends. This has also enabled Nestlà © to develop local management teams, build local manufacturing and RD and establish local supply-chain initiatives including long-term relationships with suppliers. Internationally, Nestlà ©s milk product is available in more than 100 countries throughout the World. (Nestle Management Report, 2007) Nestlà © used intensive distribution strategy by placing their milk products in as many outlets as possible, knowing that their targeted consumer requires a great deal of location convenience. Intensive distribution increases product availability. In Singapore, we can find Nestlà ©s milk product in popular outlets like convenience stores, pharmacies, and all leading supermarkets. These places are situated within 10 minutes walking distance from consumers homes. Marketing communications is the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers about the products and brands that they sell and Nestlà © enhance consumer communication with nutritional messaging. The marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication: advertising; sales promotion; events and experiences; public relations and publicity; direct marketing; and personal selling. Advertising can be used to build up a long-term image for a product or trigger quick sales. Nestlà © employed the used of various media and methods to promote their milk products. Just recently, they started an integrated print/radio ad for Nestlà © Nesvita Omega plus Acticol milk, advertising it as Singapores 1st and only milk with plant sterols which are shown to lower blood cholesterol. Consumers have been hearing on the radios and seeing in the papers about the benefit of having a lower cholesterol levels associated with consuming Nesvita Omega plus Acticol mi lk daily. Nestlà © also drew attention to their products by arranging special events. Nestlà © held a health exhibition Nestlà © Presents Health and You 2010 which caters for the young and old. They had activities which appealed to all in the family at the event, including free cholesterol and bone density checks by Nestlà © Nesvita Omega plus Acticol for the health conscious and health seminars and talks by health professionals, nutritionists and doctors. In addition, Nestlà © had a strategic partnership with Singapore Heart Foundation (SHF) known as Love Your Heart. The partnership allows Nestlà © to carry the SHF logo on the Nestlà © Omega Plus range, endorsing it as the preferred adult milk choice as it has the added benefit of heart health as well as calcium for bone health. Nestlà © also promotes heart health through the media, such as the Cholesterol Challenge in which the public are invited to lower their bad cholesterol. By becoming part of a special and more personally releva nt moment in consumers lives, Nestlà ©s involvement with events broadened and deepened the relationship with their target market. Question 3 (28 marks) The brand name for our new product is Nestlà © MindFit Silver, a fortified milk powder offering benefits as follow: maintain the cognitive function of elderly by slowing down and stabilizing age-related brain decline and provide specific nutritional food value for a balanced diet. Our target segment of the silver market for the Nestlà © MindFit Silver is elderly who desire to retain memory, brain health and have a balanced diet. This segment can be described demographically by age (50-55 and older). Nestlà © strategy is based on a positioning of product differentiation. Product is the first and most important element of the marketing mix. Packaging is a major styling weapon that provides the buyers first encounter with the product and is capable of either turning the buyer on or off (Kotler et al, 2009). Packaging is defined as all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. We will introduce elegant gold and silver-trim packaging container as we wanted a sophisticated-looking package that reflects the quality of Nestlà © MindFit Silver. A good packaging helps to identify our brand and convey descriptive and persuasive information to our target consumers. Functionally, structural design is crucial. We make out that resealability, freshness and easy-to-open and close packaging are of huge importance to the elderly consumers, and has incorporated these packaging innovations in our new product. The label on our package will carry our brand name, logo and the Nestlà © nutritional compass that provides our consumers with tips and nutritional facts that guide them towards informed choices about their diet. We will also have a picture of a sharp-looking senior ambassador in his 50s on the product label; this makes it easier for the elderly to distinguish our product from other brands on the shelves. Pricing decisions must be consistent with the firms marketing strategy, target markets, and brand positioning. The Nestlà © MindFit Silver will be introduced at $18 estimated retail price per 400g tin and we will use several pricing techniques to stimulate purchases. In the first 6 months of product launch, we will offer a cash rebates of $4 to draw more first-time customers. We expect to come up with more variations of the Nestlà © MindFit Silver, such as cereals, infusion of more flavorings and priced them differently to meet the needs of more consumers. We will also establish special prices in conjunction with HPBs dementia campaign to draw more customers. Marketing channels are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product available for use or consumption. Our channel strategy is to use selective distribution, marketing Nestlà © MindFit Silver through Hospital pharmacies, selected Unity Pharmacies, Guardian and Watsons stores, selected NTUC Fairprice, and selected Cold Storage outlets. By doing so, we can gain adequate market coverage with more control and less cost than intensive distribution. As we are targeting the elderly consumers, we implemented home delivery as an additional point of access. This is because we understand that some elderly has difficulty going out to buy groceries due to health problems. Since the awareness of nutrition service for cognitive health is our objective, other channels of distribution could include local broadcast media or public forums at community centre. Place should take into account the convenience of the product to the consumer and where the consumer can obta in it most readily. In support of channel partners, we will provide full-color posters displaying the picture and key benefits of Nestlà © MindFit Silver. Our training staff will work with retail sales personnel to explain the benefit of the product. Finally, we plan to arrange special payment terms for retailers that place volume orders with us. Marketers need to creatively employ multiple forms of communications to effectively reach and influence target markets. The marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication: advertising; sales promotion; events and experiences; public relations and publicity; direct marketing; and personal selling. We will make use of advertising; sales promotion; events and experiences; public relations and publicity to market Nestlà © MindFit Silver to the targeted segment of the silver market. We will start an integrated television, print and radio ads targeting the elderly. TV advertising is an effective means of vividly demonstrating our product attributes and persuasively explaining their corresponding benefits to the elderly. Our TV ad will show a smart looking elderly man sharing with his friends about the benefits of Nestlà © MindFit Silver, and how the milk product help him to stay sharp and alert. This is a creative way to reinforce the message that Nestlà © MindFit Silver help maintain the cognitive functions in elderly. Out print ads on newspaper and magazines can provide much more product details and can also effectively communicate user and usage imagery. Our radio ad will add a tag line promoting the Nestlà © MindFit Silver as a brain healthy food for the aged parents. As the multimedia advertising efforts continues, we will also distribute new point-of-purchase displays to support our retailers and increase the number of spontaneous buying decision. We will add consumer sales promotions such as distributing samples to elderly at the store and we will organize contest offering prizes such as cash and holiday trips as a result of purchasing our products within the specified time period. We will also participate in the 50plus Expo, a consumer fair for the elderly organized by the Council for Third Age. The expo is targeted for those aged 50 and above and is devoted to shopping, performances, talks, demonstrations and more. We will educate consumers on the benefits of drinking Nestlà © MindFit Silver as a daily healthy beverage and at the same time, generate channel support for our product launch. Nestlà © has been actively involved in sponsorships of a variety of causes. A sponsored event must meet the marketing objectives and communication strategy, and the audience delivered by the event must match the target market of our product. Nestlà © will sponsor the Health Promotion Board (HPB)s Dementia Awareness Campaign. To raise awareness of dementia, HPB has air on Channel 8 and Suria a short film on dementia that is being directed by local director, Royston Tan. Other activities in conjunction with the campaign include informative talks held at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, shopping centre, hotels, and public library. Nestlà © can strategically identify itself at the events using banners and signs advertising Nestlà © MindFit Silver as the top brain food choice for active seniors. Nestlà © will also provide free product samples at the events to generate buying crowds. Social network such as Facebook has become an important force in marketing. A key aspect of social networks is word of mouth. Consumers talk about dozens of brands each day and Facebook offer exposure and the targeted market are more likely to spread the brand message. IT classes have opened up a whole new world for the elderly who learn how to surf internet and use Facebook and these elderly are becoming more internet savvy and Facebook is a popular social network among them. To reach our targeted market, we will set up a Facebook page for Nestlà © MindFit Silver, and will post updates on our latest promotions, contests, events and generate thread discussion. Our aim is that more elderly can be linked to our Facebook page, to learn more about our products, and share their feedback on our product. We believed that an integrated marketing communications (IMC) can produce stronger message consistency and greater sales impacts as it forces management to think about every way the customers comes in contact with our product. IMC should improve our companys ability to reach the right customers with the right messages at the right time and in the right place. (Kotler et al, 2009).