Cross Cultural Management Culture and Management Across the World

Question: Discuss about the Cross Cultural Management forCulture and Management Across the World. Answer: Introduction Cross cultural management is signified as the process of managing the team works in a diversified cultural environment. The cross cultural management initiates the preferences and practices of the business management in the global context. The adaptation of the diversified cultures and approaches is necessary in order to maintain the cross cultural management skills. According to Thomas and Peterson (2014), the intercultural interactions between the expatriates have enhanced the opportunity of accessing the wider business market along with the advanced technologies. The managers in the cross cultural management have to deal with numerous challenges, besides need to keep the sequential pace while making any relevant organisational decision. The study will be highlighting the interview questions of two expatriate employees in Singapore. The first interview will be reflecting the business dealing with the Chinese people. The diversified work attitudes and the value based understanding required for the skilled outcomes will be specified in the section. Second interview will be ensuring the business dealings in the Singaporean environment. The aim of the study is to discuss the challenges faced by the managers in executing business practices in the diversified cultural environment. The project will also outline the theoretical analysis regarding the issue specifications. In keeping concentration on the theoretical alignment, the suitable recommendation will be presented. Furthermore, the reflection will describe the experiences shared while conducting the research with other students. Section One The project is associated with two interview sections of two interviewees. The first interviewee is Dedra, who worked in General Motors. In the initial phase she was quite confused about selecting the proper location of her work. However, she finally selected Shanghai, the capital of China. While expatriating in China, she faced the diversity in working cultural and business practices. Apart from that, she also faced the diverse nature of people in dealing with the management practices. In this study, the different working cultures and required aspects of dealing with the business people in China will be described accordingly. In the second phase, the top management executives took the part in the second interview session. The interviewee is Alison Jansen, who is a foreigner from Denmark and working in Singapore. In both of the cases, the interviewees have to face the cross cultural environment. The latter consequences of the interview section included perspectives upon the participations of gay, transgender, bi-sexual, and lesbians in business practices. In spite of being a conservative country, Singapore people have conducted pink dot campaign to support LGBT. However, some people even do not support the participation of this group as well. Therefore, this interview section will highlight the performance of the company to work with people of diversified groups. Section Two Concept of Cross Cultural Management The cross cultural management is signifying the adoption of the inclusive management methods that provide insight to the diversified cultural aspects of the subsidiaries in different nations. The diversified forms of human race, different cultural development, and diversified cultural types are foreseen. Chanlat, Davel and Dupuis (2013) defined that the cross cultural management study is conducted to state the feasibility analysis of organisational structure and management mechanisms in diversified cultural atmosphere. On the other hand, Eisenberg, Hrtel and Stahl (2013) argued that the cross cultural management indicates the development of the generations by acquiring the advanced forms of business mechanisms. Concentrating on such conceptualised assertion, the components of cross cultural nature have been presented further. Hofstedes Model of Cultural Dimensions In considering the model of cultural dimensions, it is required to define six components. These components are generally representing the independent preferences amongst the different nation cultures. As per the Hofstedes Model of Cultural Dimensions, these six components are described further: Power Distance Index (PDI) The PDI dimension is explaining the degree of accepting the unequal distribution of powers. When the expatriate is working in the different cultural environment, it is required to adopt the cultural traits that are maintained in the very society (Romani and Claes 2014). As per the interview, it is reflecting that the Chinese people respect the decisions of the top management. It is true that the power distance between the management and the employees is quite prominent. However, the leadership approach in Chinese firms is always autocratic. The Chinese employees tend to maintain the suggestions and orders came from the upper management (Schaaper et al. 2011). On the other hand, the Singaporeans are more likely to make their independent decisions. However, the respectful behaviour of the Chinese people and the willingness of learning more are quite remarkable in such cases. Individualism Versus Collectivism (IDV) Rodrguez-Carvajal et al. (2014) explained that the major side of the dimension is specified as individualism, which is determining the evaluation of the self preferences. People tend to take care of themselves and their families in defending the power of individualism. On the contrary, the collectivism specifies the preferences of working in group. As per the case scenario, Dedra is the Singaporean employee who is accommodated in a place of Shanghai, China. She prefers the individualism context where she can make her own decisions. However, while shifting to the Chinese location, the scenario is quite different. People in China like to work in group and usually have faith on each other. In one aspect, this method is quite fruitful, as an employee gets the chance to learn more and develop their professional skills (Taras, Steel and Kirkman 2012). However, adoption of such culture is also quite challenging for the expatriate who belongs to different ideologies. Masculinity Versus Feminity This particular dimension has been representing the society preferences in terms of assertiveness, heroism, and materialistic rewards achieved through success. This dimension is much signifying the competitive scenario of the business management. On the contrary, the feminism stands for the degree of adaptation, modesty, cooperation, and quality of life. Some of the nations usually prefer the aggressive behavioural approaches while undertaking the management practices (Venaik and Brewer 2013). On the other hand, it is required to be much adaptive in case of expatriating in a different nation. The maintenance of such nature is the key to success as the business employee. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) The Uncertainty Avoidance Index dimension is expressing the degree of maintaining the justified attitude while dealing with the uncertainty and ambiguity. In concentrating on the cultural traits of Chinese people, it has been seen that they usually have the short term vision. They are usually interested in working on the current sequences rather than observing the long term aspects. Therefore, the aggressiveness in their business practices is much highlighted. In concentrating on such shrewd business behaviour, the people have less patience in dealing with the situational crisis. Therefore, the recognition of these aspects is necessary in determining the competitive advantage in the business management. Long Term Orientation Versus Short Term Normative Orientation The linking with the past affairs to deal with the current challenges and future construction is much prominent in this dimension. The competitive business usually looks for the long term orientation, which can build the significant future prospects in determining the longer success. In describing the case scenario, it can be inferred that while Singapore employees are much interested in setting the long term goals. However, the changing effects of globalisation create the diversified vision (Taras, Steel and Kirkman 2012). On the contrary, the Chinese business people are concentrating on the short term oriented goals performed in the current business market. For example, Chinese people manufacture the products and the services, which maintain the short product life cycle. However, people from Singapore face the challenges in making the long term goals with the Chinese business people. Therefore, the possibility of cultural conflict is much predicted in such cases. Indulgence Versus Restraints The indulgence refers to the free gratification of naturalistic human behaviour. On the contrary, the restraint determines the suppression of the gratification with the strict social norms. The business expatriates face some of the challenges regarding the acceptability of the society in a different country. The rules and regulations applied by the government can sometimes be difficult for the business conduction. Hence, the people from the different country need to concentrate on such social obligations related to the nationwide cultural values. The theoretical alignment with the case study scenario has been determining the diversified cultural influences on the business executions. While describing the diversified work culture, the adoption capabilities are much necessary for the expatriates. Dedra, the Singaporean employee may feel comfortable in the Chinese business market. However, she will also be interested in relocated to her native country. Even though the changing climate and business market may influence the lifestyle, it would be easier to be accustomed with the home culture. It is needless to say that the expatriation in the different country would be effective enough in developing the skills. Moreover, it helps in knowing the people of different cultures more specifically. The employee can even avail the opportunity for the future business purposes. Leadership in Cross Cultural Management The implementation of the proper leadership style is necessary in the cross cultural management. Leaders are the key drivers towards achieving the organisational excellence and due to such reason; it is required to select the proper leadership style (Du et al. 2013). The leadership style can be classified in diversified components. Autocratic leaders are suggesting the commands over the workforce while performing the organisational practices. The employees cannot take the participation in any decision making process. In analysing this particular case study, it can be inferred that the people in China are much reliable on their leaders. The autonomy decisions are much preferable in this business environment. Democratic leaders prefer the consultation with other employees before taking any relevant organisational decision. The Singaporean organisations usually prefer this type of leadership style while forming any group. Another leadership style is laissez-faire, which considers the power shifting from the managers to the employees. The employees do not receive the regular monitoring session from the seniors and the leaders believe in employees to implement the innovative thoughts. Transformational leadership style is directing the employees to develop their professional and personal skills (Muenjohn and Armstrong 2015). Finally, the transactional leadership style is the form of distributing rewards or punishments as per the performance outcomes of the employees. The adoption of the proper leadership style is necessary to promote the effective business practices. Moreover, the employees receive the necessary motivation to bring out the best performance outcomes. It is to be noted that the leadership style differ in diversified cultural traits. In China, leaders are much oriented in formulating the personal relationships with the subordinates, which enhances the skills of the employees in a more effic ient way. The coordination between the diversified cultural leaders can thus form a global leadership that will be effective enough in developing business goals. In keeping concentration on the extracted answers from the interview questionnaires, it has been seen that the Chinese people are much depended on the decisions made by the upper management. The authoritarian leadership style is much followed in China where Dedra was placed. Dedra Mentioned, the supervisor is all-powerful as in the patriarch. This statement has been specifying that the people in China tend to follow the traditional leadership style as well as the values of incorruptible and good moral. It is quite helpful in improving principles of equality and harmony. More specifically, it helps in developing the personal skills of the employees, as they are able to be monitored by the supervisors frequently. The business practices in China are mainly following the paternalistic style of leadership, which is considering the autonomy in decision making process. Negotiation Process According to Lee, Adair and Seo (2013), negotiation is specified as the process of discussing the third party agreement related to the organisational strategies. In considering the inter-organisational relationships, such as joint ventures, strategic alliance, mergers and acquisition, distribution and agreements, and licensing, the involvement of the negotiation process is much foreseen. It is to be noted that the global business has become much dominant in this current world. Thereafter, the people from diversified cultures are much relied on negotiation process. It is important to note that the persuasion styles differ as per the cultural traits. Therefore, the negotiation process in Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, Mexico, and France is different to each other. Some of the considerable factors have been influencing the process of negotiation in a prominent way. Verbal and non-verbal communication is one of the significant factors, which are needed to be taken into consideration. It is notified that the verbal and non-verbal communication is the origin of persuasion and it helps in identifying the feelings through words and body languages. On the other hand, some of the cultures even signify Time as the most preferable aspects in the negotiation process (Thomas and Peterson 2014). The maintenance of the punctuality is necessary. The effective decision making system is also essential during the execution period of negotiation process. Concentrating on these factors is necessarily needed to be implemented while promoting the negotiation process in the diversified cultural scenario. In determining the business process in China, it is noted that the negotiation process needs a much longer time to be executed. Chinese are much aware of the legitimacy and takes longer time to conclude any decision. Therefore, they usually try to analyse more deeply before considering any negotiation. Guanxi in China is thus much preferable and it signifies the effective relationship building with the business personnel. In China, people cannot conduct any business unless the associates trust the business. Chinese are more likely to take time for selecting any business partner and need a translator to lengthen negotiation process. Therefore, it is required to keep the records of the meetings, as the memories sometimes differ over time. Dedra has highlighted these major points in the interview session to clarify the entire negotiation process. Third Section Based on the questionnaire, the scheduled interviews are carried out to investigate the cross-cultural concepts for developing a useful understanding. In order to develop the section, critical analysis will be done to the outcomes of the interviews conducted by the help of questionnaires. The perspective of these interviews are different from each other, where the first interview focuses on an individual from Singapore working in China, second interview concentrates on the Singaporean working environment. Therefore, the findings of both the interviews address the cultural difference of these two countries from the perspective of the working environment(Altbach 2003). In order to develop the first interview, the primary feedbacks are collected from one of the employees of General Motor China (GM China). Dedra previously travelled her way from Singapore to Shanghai for working purpose, where she required to station in China for a permanent basis later according to the demand of her job roles. During the time of her employment, she had gained different kinds of experiences reflecting critical information regarding the working environment of China. Based on the collective feedbacks, the fact can be extracted that the Chinese people highly value the establishment of a strong relationship, as they love their language very much(Chan et al. 2014). It is observed that conducting business or achieving satisfactory results from the business context is highly difficult for the people coming from different country if they fail to develop a sustainable relationship with the local people. On the other hand, it can be acknowledged that the Chinese people are shrewd businesspersons, which makes it difficult for developing a strong enforcement with the effective engagement of policies and guidelines. The involvement of a sound implementation of business rules and guidelines is necessary for promoting the outcomes and achievement of business results in the superior manner. Theref ore, the result of the second interview successfully able to capture the mind-sets of the Chinese population from the perspective of conducting a business oriented practice(Leong and Berry 2010). Initially, the Chinese people lack of having long-term vision, as they tend to provide importance to the results occurring in a short period while the bigger picture behind the scenario is avoided continuously. Based on the feedbacks obtained and analysed, it can be stated that the people within the country are not process oriented, as they rather focus on becoming proactive instead of reactive to different business related scenarios. Based on the importance, they prioritise the face value regarding the business related processes and outcomes while engaging in different types of comparisons to focus greatly on their self-advantage. Based on the findings obtained from the second interview, the cultural understanding of the Singaporean working environment can be determined. It is majorly observed that the workplace of the country is highly comprised of people with their different orientations, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)(Lewis 2012). Despite of having different supportive measures defined by the government to promote the development of a collaborative working environment, the majority of Singaporean does not reflect an understanding approach. Therefore, the individuals from the country or outside the country are required to participate in a diverse working environment as part of the different companies operating in Singapore. One of the major advantages of such environment is improving the communication and adaptability of the individuals as part of the workforce(Thomas 2015). Based on the investigation, the cultural differences among the people within the workplace are observed and it is suggested out of the different feedbacks that the Singaporean workplace culture possesses more adaptability. Furthermore, there are different workplace policies designed for shaping up different types of benefits for the expatriates associated with the operations of different companies within the country. The particular fact can be determined by conducting the interview with the HR of the organization(Wong 2012). On the other hand, considering the interview with the top management, it can be determined that the individuals at the superior level tend to provide importance to the individuals participation in the decision making process. Recommendation From the help of the investigation to difference in working culture of two different countries, it can be observed that the individuals often experience with significant number of challenges with the cultural involvement. Each country consists of individual sets of values, beliefs, religions, and opinions. Thus, the cultural difference emerges. For an individual coming from dissimilar culture, involving in a workplace and adopting according to the comfort level is highly difficult (WorldatWork. 2011). Communication challenge is one of the mostly observed challenges during the cross-cultural process within a country. The result of the interviews along with different historical experiences suggests that the basic priority should need to be provided to the cross-cultural communication to enhance the workplace commitment and productivity within a country. For boosting the cross-cultural communication and mitigating the issues, it is most important for the expatriates to develop a suitable bond based on the trusted relationship with the people across the different cultures. It is required to generate and maintain a strong correlation between the different components of trust and workplace productivity. Effectiveness of communication, rapport, and different actions carried out as part of the conflict management are the most essential elements of trust (Lewis 2012). These elements are needed to be covered by the different initiative designed by the government and population of the country to promote an affiliated working environment for the expatriates. From the perspective of the expatriates, they are required to adapt to the differences among the various cultures by respecting the transformations and supporting the development of a collaborative work environment. Conclusion The overall report is produced for developing fundamental knowledge regarding the key effects of national cultures on the different activities and management practices observed within the workplace. In order to identify the various effects, it is always essential to develop a suitable understanding related to the similarities and dissimilarities across the numerous cultures for determining the particular trends and concepts associated with the management practices and workplace benefits. In one scenario, the Singaporean employee has been adjusting with the business environment in China and experiencing the cultural diversification. On the other hand, Alison Jansen, who is the foreigner from Denmark, is working in Singapore. It is noted that the cultural traits in Denmark is completely different to the business environment in Singapore. The Singaporean society is somewhat reflecting the conservativeness whereas the cultural traits in Denmark is quite free. Hence, the cultural diversit y is creating the impact on the business practices as well. The leadership and negotiation approaches are thus effectively impacted by such cultural consequences. On the other hand, it is acknowledged that the Chinese working culture is crucially based on the Confucian social behaviour, whereas the work culture in Singapore is based on attempting to promote and maintain a harmonious relationship among the different individuals associated with the workforce. References Altbach, P. (2003).The Decline of the guru. New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan. Chan, S., Chan, M., Lee, S. and Henderson, A. (2014). Retracted : Nurses learning in the workplace: a comparison of workplace attributes in acute care settings in Australia and Singapore.Int Nurs Rev, 61(1), pp.82-89. Chanlat, J.F., Davel, E. and Dupuis, J.P., 2013.Cross-cultural management: culture and management across the world. Routledge. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. and Sen, S., 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.155-169. Eisenberg, J., Hrtel, C.E. and Stahl, G.K., 2013. From the Guest Editors: Cross-Cultural Management Learning and EducationExploring Multiple Aims, Approaches, and Impacts.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), pp.323-329. Ferraro, G. and Brody, E.K., 2015.Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Lee, S., Adair, W.L. and Seo, S.J., 2013. Cultural perspective taking in cross-cultural negotiation.Group Decision and Negotiation,22(3), pp.389-405. Leong, C. and Berry, J. (2010).Intercultural relations in Asia. Singapore: World Scientific. Lewis, R. (2012).When Teams Collide. London: Nicholas Brealey Pub. Muenjohn, N. and Armstrong, A., 2015. Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers. International Journal of Business and information,2(2). Rodrguez-Carvajal, R., de Rivas, S., Herrero, M., Moreno-Jimnez, B. and Van Dierendonck, D., 2014. Leading people positively: cross-cultural validation of the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS).The Spanish journal of psychology,17, p.E63. Romani, L. and Claes, M.T., 2014. International Journal of Cross Cultural.Cross Cultural Management,14(1), pp.127-132. Schaaper, J., Mizoguchi, S., Nakamura, H. and Yamashita, S., 2011. Control of French and Japanese subsidiaries in China: implementing control mechanisms before and after the global economic crisis.Asia Pacific business review,17(4), pp.411-430. Spaargaren, G., 2013. 11. The cultural dimension of sustainable consumption practices: an exploration in theory and policy.Innovations in Sustainable Consumption: New Economics, Socio-Technical Transitions and Social Practices, p.229. Taras, V., Steel, P. and Kirkman, B.L., 2012. Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions.Journal of World Business,47(3), pp.329-341. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2014.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Thomas, M. (2015).Contemporary Task-Based Language Teaching in Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. Venaik, S. and Brewer, P., 2013. Critical issues in the Hofstede and GLOBE national culture models.International Marketing Review,30(5), pp.469-482. Vitell, S.J., Nwachukwu, S.L. and Barnes, J.H., 2013. The effects of culture on ethical decision-making: an application of Hofstedes typology. InCitation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 119-129). Springer Netherlands. Wong, T. (2012). Jim Glassman, Bounding the Mekong: The Asian Development Bank, China, and Thailand.Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 33(2), pp.271-273. WorldatWork., (2011).Global Rewards. Scottsdale: WorldatWork Press.

Euthanasia Immoral Or Human Right Essay Example For Students

Euthanasia Immoral Or Human Right? Essay Recent debates over active euthanasia, killing aterminally ill patient, in Holland, has risen the questionwhether euthanasia is immoral or a simple human right. Doctorsseem to have no doubt. They made an oath. The definition of Euthanasia depends on whether it is activeor passive. Active Euthanasia i only allowed in Holland, and itmeans that the doctor takes direct measures to put a patient tosleep, whereas passive Euthanasia only involves stopping pillconsumption, or stopping treatment. In England, only passiveEuthanasia is allowed. Euthanasia touches some of the deepest feelings in humanbeings. It is the power over life and death, and responsibilitiesno one wishes to take, have to be taken. This, of cause, leads tothe ultimatum, that it is the patients own choice. But can weallow some one to take their own lives? Doesnt this mean thateveryone else around the patient have failed, that more couldhave been done? From the patients point of view, a lot ofarguments talk in favor of euthanasia. For one, no body wants tobe a burden. If a person has had a car accident which paralyseshim from neck and down, and is doomed to sit in a wheelchair forthe rest of his life, he knows that he will be 100% dependant onthe ones that care for him, his lived ones, forever. It can alsobe mentioned that the life quality of a terminally ill patient,gets reduced a lot. Never being able to walk again, never beingable to talk to your children again, never being able to goshopping, swimming, playing, driving etc. must be terrible foranyone . The whole situation only gets worse, if the patienthimself, can see that his condition is worsening, and only timekeeps his thoughts clear. A third very important point, is pain. If people see a deer, which had been hit by a car, and is interrible pain, they will kill it, out of pitty. Why shouldnt thesame be allowed with humans, if pain reaches a level, where it isunbearable? For these people, who do not have the choice ofactive euthanasia, self-starvation is the only choice. The doctors view on euthanasia, seems to be overalldifferent. First of all, they have taken their wove, always toassist patients in prolonging their lives, and Euthanasiacompletely contradicts this. Their approach is Where there islife, there is hope, so even a person, who has 20 tubes stuck inthem, feeding them, breathing for them, there is still life, andwho knows? Maybe the future will bring the cure?Euthanasia does mean Good death, but there can still be noconclusion to a question, whether Euthanasia should be acceptedor not. Psychologists, philosophers, doctors and everybody else,will consider this question for all time. My opinion is, thatanyone who is terminally ill, should have the choice, but to allrules there are exceptions, and to something as serious as this,there shouldnt be.

Computer Role In Society Essays - Hacker, Software,

Computer Role In Society Since the first computer was made in the late fifties, the technology has developed extremely. Computers which took the place of a living-room then, are now being made in creditcard-formats. More and more areas are being taken over by the computer. As computers are capable of handling large amounts of data in a very short time, they are well suited for wordprocessing. I guess that it won't be long till all the paper-archives are replaced by magnetic tapes and diskettes. A diskette can contain much more data than a written page, and it takes less place! It is possible to get the Norwegian telephone book on just one diskette. In near future, a new area will be taken over by computers, namely maps. Different routes are stored on one single compact-disk. Imagine, simply insert the CD into the CD-driver in your car, and tell the computer where to go. The rest will be done automatically. This will be a safer, faster, and more comfortable way to travel. Another new area, called "virtual reality" is currently being tested. This is a way to simulate reality on a monitor. In order to feel this so-called reality you have to wear special electronic glasses and an electronic suit. Fastened to the suit are sensors, which send information to the main computer. This computer works with the data and displays them on the electronic spectacles. This is a technique which use three-dimentional views, therefore the scenery seems incredibly realistic. If you want to be a boxer, simply change the scenery on the main computer, and you are in the ring. Today, many kids have got video games. You could say these games are the present's answer to ludo and monopoly. In a way, it is a great advantage that the kids are being presented to computors at an early age, because they will definitely have to use them later, when they start to work. In the future there will be few occupations which won't use computors, one way or another. But the videogames are often being presented as something negative, which hinder the kids from doing homework and other more useful activities. This partially true, if they do much of it. But generally, I think the young people's contact with computers is positive. In Norway today, it is getting more common to have a computer at home. You can use a personal computer to keep household-budgets or other economics. It is also possible to get in touch with your bank and transwer money while you're in your sitting-room. It is possible to contact other databases and gather information from them. The use of computers has lead to other criminal actions. "Hacking" is one of them. A "hacker" steals and manipulates information from other databases. These crimes can be very harmful. In The USA, hackers have managed to break into NASA's database. The computer-programmes, the software, are extremely high priced, sometimes they are even more expensive than the hardware. Therefore it is not unusual to make copies of these programmes. This is strictly illegal, but nobody seems to care, because it is difficult to control it. Software producers loose BILLIONS of dollars each year because of this. Many methods have been invented to prevent this, but since the "hackers" often are more intelligent than those who make the software, I doubt that there will ever be a successfull way to hinder this.

Sample Essay on Medication Rebound Effect

Sample Essay on Medication Rebound EffectWhy not give yourself the chance to write a sample essay on medication rebound effect? The more data you have about the medications that you are taking, the better your essay will be. By knowing why the rebound effect occurs, you can more effectively deal with it in the future. So take some time and analyze why this phenomenon happens and how you can avoid it in the future.'Patient B' is experiencing the 'Patient A' effect for the first time. She is the product of an Internet questionnaire that was mailed to thousand of women. This article will focus on the 'Patient B'. She may also be called 'A' in this article. The results will show that she will become the recipient of the same medication that 'A' took in the past.Another example of the rebound effect is the incident described by Robert Tisserand in his book On the Origin of Species. You may recall that the mother of the dinosaurs became pregnant with the first birds. After she delivered he r 'baby', they began eating one another. Over the years, different groups of these birds went extinct due to starvation. Eventually, only six species of birds were left.In this article, we will discuss the third example, in which the mother became pregnant again and did it again for the second time. It did not work the first time around, and even if it did, she did not want to risk being a father of twins. It is best to say that the rebound effect happens when a pregnant woman does it a second time.Now let us try to understand the rebound effect from a biological perspective. The process of conception is a spontaneous event in most mammals. When the sperm meets the egg, it fertilizes the egg. In most cases, a sperm and an egg do not unite, and so the process is repeated. As time passes, the eggs develop into the zygote, and the zygote then implants itself into the uterus to develop into a baby.What is happening here is that each time the zygote fuses with the uterine wall, the uteri ne wall is forced open. At this point, the zygote must be exposed to blood and oxygen to enable it to develop into a baby. It is possible that during this process the zygote may go through what is known as a 'shock' from having its blood pressure raised during this process. During this process, the zygote could undergo a 'rebound' effect where the concentration of hormones within the body will be raised.The conclusion from all this is that the hormones can leave the body when the body is overloaded with stress, such as exhaustion, poor diet, or excessive exercise. The hormones are not good at doing this job in an orderly fashion, so they will often re-enter the body through the same route. While the hormones can be metabolized in this way, there is no guarantee that this will happen.If you would like to know more about this topic, I wrote an article to explain this as a helpful writing lesson. There is a video tutorial and audio course to help you better understand the issue. These courses are available for download on my website, but I also have links to them below. The course provides step-by-step instructions and videos that will help you fully understand the principles of the drug and recovery options available to you.

Farm Standard Council Case Cost Allocation

Farm Standard Council Case Cost Allocation Introduction Fixed/variable cost thinking has no place in today’s cost accounting world; those are words of Hervey (2010, p.1) an all time accounting specialist. This observation is as result of many limitations that accountants and managers have experienced in the past years in their efforts to differentiate between fixed and variable costs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Farm Standard Council Case: Cost Allocation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some costs cannot be classified as either fixed or variable costs and yet they have to be allocated somewhere in the process of allocating costs to different cost centers. Traditional costing is also expensive compared to other methods (Alabbadi Areiqat, 2010, p.239). The inadequacies in this traditional cost approach have led to development of other methods that can allocate costs appropriately to their respective cost centers. One of these methods is activity-ba sed costing (ABC) that allocates costs to different centers based on the activities that have resulted to these costs. This paper will use Farm Standard Council case to look at the differences between traditional cost allocation and activity-based cost allocation. Activity-Based Costing In the case of Farm Standard Council, activity based costing is used rather under traditional cost accounting in identifying different cost centers in the cost pool and also in the cost allocation. ABC approach is based on activity and not volume (Bengu, 2010, p.213). Cost centers include equipment, general farm, maintenance and shop among others. Cost centers are classified into support center, services center, production center, marketing and profit centers. Costs are allocated to different production activities such as production, harvesting, processing and storage. These costs are then divided by the quantities of crops produced at the end of the season in order to calculate the amount of profit produced per hectare of land.  If the Farm Council used another approach such as traditional cost accounting, it would not be easy for the management to allocate costs to different cost centers and hence calculating profitability of each crop would be a challenge. It would not have been easy for the management to allocate some costs that are neither fixed nor variable. Costs such as maintenance and shop could not be fairly allocated as either variable or fixed thus giving misleading information about profitability of each crop. This view is supported by Rezaie, Ostadi, and Torabi (2008), who claim that ABC is more reliable than traditional approach (p.1047).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Harvey (2010) posits, costs are no longer driven by volume but by the demands of customers (p.2). However, not all the costs are driven by customers since some like maintena nce are fixed. Thus, this case study provides a good example of how activity-based accounting can be employed in agricultural enterprises when allocating their costs. Alternative Solution The alternative solution is a more general cost accounting approach that may apply in many situations since the suggested solution (activity-based costing) was tailored to specifically fit the situation of Mary and John farms. The alternative approach provides a design that summarizes all the cost centers into three categories viz. support, production and profit centers (Farm Financial Standard Council, n.d, p.14). The advantage of the alternative solution is that it is simpler compared with the suggested solution. Accountants and managers can group similar costs in one centre to avoid complexity in their allocation. In the suggested solution, all the costs have to be accounted separately which involves a lot of work. Conclusion ABC approach is much better than traditional cost approach since all c osts can be fairly allocated to their respective cost centers. Suggested solution applies this approach in allocating cost in different activities. However, I would prefer alternative solution since it is more reliable and at the same time simple to use. References Alabbadi, H., Areiqat, A. (2010). The Systematic Relationship between the Activity Based Management (ABM) and the Activity Based Costing (ABC). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(2), 239-264. Bengu, H. (2010). The role of activity based budgeting on target costing practices. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 213-233. Farm Financial Standard Council, (n.d). Managerial Accounting Case Studies. Case Study, No. 1, 1-14.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Farm Standard Council Case: Cost Allocation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Harvey, R. K. (2010).Throw Out Fixed and Va riable Cost Thinking- Bring In Activity-Based Costing to Business Decisions. White Paper, I, 1-6. Rezaie, K., Ostadi, B., Torabi, S. A. (2008). Activitybased costing in flexible manufacturing systems with a case study in a forging industry. International Journal of Production Research, 46 (4), 1047-1069.

Mankind Distanced From Nature And The Use Of Earth Simply As A Essay

Mankind Distanced From Nature And The Use Of Earth Simply As A Resource - Essay Example Never before have had the benefits of mankind labour threatened their precise existence: also this era of nuclear disasters, arms race, and global warming (Turner, 1980). For the first phase in history, mankind can produce enough to satisfy the needs of every head on the Earth. Despite mankind power to regulate natural world, many societies are dominated by emotions linked to the economic recession, health issues, insecurities, and military chaos (Turner, 1980). These issues overwhelm lives with the seemingly irresistible power of natural disasters. The more densely populated cities become, the more mankind’s lives are recognized by feelings of loneliness and isolation from the nature (Phillips, 2010). The more forces mankind experience to satisfy their emotion, the more they emotionally distance themselves from nature; and this distancing permits them to treat Earth simply as a resource to their needs. This is well discussed in the following paragraphs. The mankind ability to perform their tasks, to develop how they work and build on their successes, has tried to result in cumulative development of the productive forces. From the research carr ied out, one such advancement gave rise to class community. When community became capable of generating surplus, it also made it conceivable for a class to rise, which was liberated from the need, to generate directly and could survive from its control over the work of others (Phillips, 2010). This process was significant in order to establish and direct the productive forces; however, it was also meant that the producers, the majority of the community lost control of their labour. The emergency class society in which one class had power of control over the means of generating what the community required, led to a further division between individuals and the community to which they fit. Some forms of social life caused a wedge between the two dimensions of the self, the person and the communal, producing a separation between people’s interests and those of community as a whole (Turner, 1980). Thus, the mankind distanced from nature arose from class community. For instance, Ro bert Romanyshyn use metaphor in is work to elaborate these ideas. He claims that mankind have given their hearts away, a sordid boon (Romanyshyn, 2001). Sordid is the demonstration of the worst aspects of mankind nature such as greed, immorality, and selfishness. On the other hand, Boon is something that works as a blessing or benefit. Complication between the words proposes materialism is corrupt and destructive blessing that the industrial revolution has offered. It emphasised the tension between the good external and the sordid truth behind materialism. On the external, material goods bring pleasure and in many ways are a symbol of mankind progress; however, in truth, they feed the worst feature of humanity (Romanyshyn, 2001). The discipline whose duty is to describe and map the capabilities of human emotions/ mind is psychology; and psychology’s accepting of these abilities is built around the concept of intelligence. Apart from mankind psychological understanding of how they interact with the world around them, this concept has been widely applied in education and business, where test of intelligence always impacts selection and promotion. More indirectly, a psychological notion about what establishes intelligent action pervades the wider fabric of the community. This impacts common-sense ideas about what institutes mental ability, and offering certain styles of thought and action a higher status than others (Kidner, 1999). At the same time, the

Marketing Survey for Gourmet Cupcakes Research Paper

Marketing Survey for Gourmet Cupcakes - Research Paper Example The research report author recommends that the Gourmet Cupcakes Bakery undertakes an expansion strategy into the key markets of Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, China, Japan and South Africa. Opportunites exist to position the product as a luxury item in these markets. 4. Introduction The purpose of the following report is to put forward a study that gives quantitative insight into current consumer response toward the product offering, gourmet cupcakes, from the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery. The report intends to identify current and future opportunities for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery to expand its operations beyond its present location in the United States to an international market. The report also points to a secondary opportunity for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery to co-brand with specialty food stores in the United States and internationally to build sales and develop a strong brand reputation. To date the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery has focused its operations exclu sively in the United States market. However, international demand for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery product can be stimulated through a series of strategic partnerships and co-branding initiatives. Key target markets exist in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, China, Japan and South Africa. The report seeks to highlight future opportunities that serve the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery strategic vision. In order to accomplish the stated goals of the project, the research report author employed the web based Qualtrics survey software to create an online survey of consumer responses to the current gourmet cupcake product offerings produced by the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery. The Qualtrics software allowed the research report author to... The report intends to identify current and future opportunities for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery to expand its operations beyond its present location in the United States to an international market. The report also points to a secondary opportunity for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery to co-brand with specialty food stores in the United States and internationally to build sales and develop a strong brand reputation. To date the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery has focused its operations exclusively in the United States market. However, international demand for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery product can be stimulated through a series of strategic partnerships and co-branding initiatives. Key target markets exist in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, China, Japan and South Africa. The report seeks to highlight future opportunities that serve the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery strategic vision. In order to accomplish the stated goals of the project, the research report author employed the w eb based Qualtrics survey software to create an online survey of consumer responses to the current gourmet cupcake product offerings produced by the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery. The Qualtrics software allowed the research report author to perform quantitative statistical analysis, create a survey database and export the results to a simple Excel document for further examination. The result is a comprehensive and thorough analysis of consumer purchasing intention for the product offered by the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery, using its present branding strategy.